We present a simple recipe to derive the metallicity distribution of galaxies as a function of their integrals of the motion. Elliptical galaxies are known to possess metallicity gradients that frequently show variations of a factor of 2 from the center to the effective radius (Peletier, 1989). The observed gradients are the result of projection and orbital mixing. Orbital mixing arises because stars at a given radius may have their apocenters spanning a wide range of radii. Thus, the mean metallicity at any given point inside the galaxy is the result of the metallicity distribution in phase space weighted by the galaxian distribution function. We have proposed (Ciotti, Stiavelli & Braccesi, 1995) a simple inversion procedure allowing one to derive the dependence of metallicity on the integrals of motion for a spherical galaxy. The ideas of this paper can be generalized to oblate two-integrals models following the Hunter & Qian (1993) technique.

Recent results of QSO surveys are reviewed and QSO's cosmic evolution reconsidered.

Counts of quasi-stellar objects selected by their optical properties imply evolutionary properties similar to those found by examining the radio-selected objects. The optical luminosity functions of the 3CR and optically-selected quasi-stellar objects are compared. Data on the radio emission and optical variability of the optically-selected sample are presented.