nowadays drug abuse and addiction is one of the most important health,social and political problems in the world. substance use among university students is a mental health concern. people with depression have high rates of comorbidity with other mental disorders and substance use disorders. the purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of depression, substance use and the relationship between depression and substance use among student of guilan university of medical sciences(GUMS).

this was a cross-sectional study carried out on a representative sample of 254 students(n=167girls;n=87boys) of GUMS. The samples were selected randomly by stratified sampling. data was collected using a confidential multiple choice questionnaire detecting the frequency of various substance use. the beck depression inventory(BDI)were used to determine depressive symptoms. Data were analyzed by chi-square and exact fisher test using SPSS ver 16software.

results showed that the prevalence rate of each substance in use was: Opium (1.2%), Morphine (0.4%), cannabis (1.2%), Cocaine (0.4%), codeine (7.5%), Ritalin (2%), tramadol (4.7%) cristal (0.4%), Amphetamines (0.8%),cigarette (8.3%), alcohol(7.1%). according to BDI,(29.9%)of students had depression.there were significant differences between the prevalence of substance use with gender(p=0/0001),parent marital status(p=0/01)and depression(p=0/01).

This study demonstrated that the substance use among students is considerably high and specific interventions seem to be necessary in preventing or reducing the rate of substance use in students. Reading the result of this study,it is suggested that parents and universities authorities have a better over solving students emotional and social problems.

A research base should be of mental health and coping strategies in families of having patient with epilepsy, in Iran.

These families are at increased risk of stress and weakened family relationship, and to identify the variables that have a negative impact on a families and possible moderating influences on them.

This research was a descriptive study on 150 families of epileptics referring to the Iranian Association of Epilepsy Selected Using a Systematic sampling. All subjects were living with the epileptic person, were at least 16, all Iranian and it was at least six month after the beginning of the family’ epileptic members’ illness. For obtaining further information, a questionnaire consisting of three parts was used. The first part indicated the demographic specifications of the patient's family, the second part showed the General Health Questionnaires (GHQ), and the third part indicated stress coping strategies carversheier- weinrub questionnaires.

According to the acquired screen in the total mental health score, the majority of the epileptic patients’ family (56/7%) were not in an appropriate mental health condition. In this report contains depression (56/7%), social functional disorder (52%) somatic signs (61/3%) and anxiety and sleep disorder (6/7%). The majority of under research units based on acquired scores of general stress coping strategies, used this strategies in a medium level.

The result is that if there is more mental health in the family of the epileptic patient, they will use stress coping strategies in more suitable level.

Seizure is a common disease happening in all countries that surely affects life style of patient and his/her family; such patient needs helps of others to obviate his/her needs and delayed help leads to mental health impairment of the patient and his/her family.

This was a descriptive-correlative study in which 150 ones of patients families were selected via the systematic sampling method.

We used three kinds of questionnaires to gather data including personal information questionnaire, General health questionnaire and Carver-Scheier-Veintrab’s questionnaire of stress coping Strategies.

The results showed that 56.7% of investigated units had inappropriate state of mental health and 92% used moderate-level guidelines to cope with stresses.

The majority of family members of the patients with seizure (93.8%) had moderate level of mental health and similarly used moderate-level stress coping strategies(P = 0.000, S = 0.3).

The findings of this study can result in a new plan to elevate the mental health level and also can train families of the patients with seizure and other chronic diseases how to cope with stresses.

Sinonasal malignancies are rare tumours, which can be resected using an open or endoscopic approach. The current study evaluated the outcome of both approaches.

A total of 160 patients with malignant nasal tumours were evaluated in an academic tertiary care hospital. The patients were allocated to ‘open’ or ‘endoscopic’ surgery groups, based on the surgical approach employed. The following data were evaluated and compared: patient and tumour characteristics; oncological treatments; and oncological outcomes, including complications, surgical margin, recurrence, overall survival and disease-free survival.

The maxillary sinus was the most common tumour location and squamous cell carcinoma was the most common histopathology-based diagnosis. Younger patients had lower grades of tumour. Higher survival rates were significantly related to lower tumour stages in both surgery groups. There were no differences between the two relatively similar groups in terms of surgical margin, the need for adjunctive therapy, and recurrence and survival rates. In addition, multivariate logistical regression analysis indicated no correlations between the type of surgical approach employed and the rates of recurrence and complications.

Endoscopic surgery for sinonasal malignancies is comparable to the conventional open approach in carefully selected patients.

The dietary diversity score (DDS) is a good indicator of diet quality as well as of diet–disease relationships; therefore, the present study was undertaken to reveal the effect of a lifestyle intervention on this index.

A baseline and three evaluation studies were conducted in two intervention districts (Isfahan and Najaf-Abad) and a reference area (Arak), all located in central Iran. The Isfahan Healthy Hearth Programme (IHHP) targeted the entire population of nearly 2 million in urban and rural areas of the intervention communities. One of the main strategies of the lifestyle intervention phase in the IHHP was healthy nutrition. Usual dietary intake was assessed using a forty-nine-item FFQ. A diversity score for each food group was calculated and the DDS was considered the sum of the diversity scores of the food groups.

There were significant increases in DDS in both intervention areas (P = 0·0001) after controlling for confounding factors. There was a significant interaction between area and evaluation stage with regard to DDS (P = 0·0001). The effect of the intervention on the diversity scores of all food groups was also significant (P = 0·0001 for all) after adjusting for socio-economic status.

The community-based lifestyle intervention in the IHHP was successful in improving DDS which might be related to an increase of diet quality of the population that in turn might decrease the risks of chronic diseases.

The present study was conducted to determine the impact of a community-based intervention on the nutritional behaviour of a representative sample of Iranian adults.

The Isfahan Healthy Heart Programme (IHHP), a six-year, action-oriented, integrated community-based study aimed at health promotion through the reduction of CVD risk factors, targeted the whole population living in two intervention cities, and compared outcomes with the population of a non-intervention city considered as reference. Dietary interventions were performed as educational, environmental and/or legislative strategies. A global dietary index (GDI) was calculated representing the general dietary behaviour. In addition, two consumption indices were calculated for specific food groups, i.e. meat products and major sources of fat. Univariate AVOVA was conducted to evaluate the impact of the intervention on dietary behaviours.

Isfahan and Najaf-Abad (intervention cities) and Arak (reference city), central Iran.

The baseline survey was conducted among 12514 randomly selected adults aged ≥19 years in both intervention and reference areas. The survey was repeated annually among about 5000 persons (2002–2005) in the intervention and reference communities.

According to significant year × group interactions in mean fat consumption index (FCI) and meat consumption index (MCI) in the total population, a significant improvement in FCI and MCI was found in the intervention areas v. the reference area (P < 0·001). In addition, the GDI improved significantly in the intervention areas v. the reference area (P < 0·001).

The IHHP interventions were effective in improving dietary behaviours at the population level. The highest effectiveness was documented in the change in the type of fat consumed. Such simple and integrated interventions can be adopted in other developing countries with limited financial resources.

Failed intubation is an important cause of anaesthetic-related maternal mortality. The purpose of this study was to determine the ability to predict difficult visualization of the larynx from the following preoperative airway predictive indices, in isolation and combination: modified Mallampati test, the ratio of height to thyromental distance and the Upper-Lip-Bite test.

We collected data on 400 consecutive parturients scheduled for elective Caesarean delivery under general anaesthesia requiring endotracheal intubation and then assessed all three factors before surgery. An experienced anaesthesiologist, not apprised of the recorded preoperative airway assessment, performed the laryngoscopy and grading (as per Cormack and Lehane’s classification). Sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value for each airway predictor in isolation and in combination were determined.

Difficult laryngoscopy (Grade 3 or 4) occurred in 35 patients (8.75%). The ratio of height to thyromental distance had a higher sensitivity, positive predictive value and fewer false negatives than the other variables tested. The ratio of height to thyromental distance of 21.24 provided the best cut-off point for predicting subsequent difficult laryngoscopy. The odds ratio (95% CI) of the ratio of height to thyromental distance, Mallampati class and the Upper-Lip-Bite test were 127.8 (44.8–364.5), 49.8 (20.3–121.8) and 6.6 (2.29–19.30), respectively.

The ratio of height to thyromental distance may prove a useful screening test for predicting difficult laryngoscopy in obstetric population.

Preoperative oral dextromethorphan and intravenous clonidine attenuate arterial pressure and heart rate increases during tourniquet inflation under general anaesthesia. The effect of preoperative oral clonidine on these variables has not been investigated.

We designed this study to compare the effect of preoperative oral dextromethorphan or clonidine on haemodynamic changes during tourniquet inflation in 75 patients undergoing lower limb surgery under general anaesthesia. Patients were randomly assigned into three groups: dextromethorphan 30 mg (n = 25), clonidine 3 μg kg−1 (n = 25) and placebo (n = 25). Anaesthesia was maintained with isoflurane 1.2% and N2O 50% in oxygen with endotracheal intubation. Dextromethorphan, clonidine or placebo was given orally in a double-blinded fashion 90 min before induction of anaesthesia. Systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressure and heart rate were measured at 0, 30, 45, 60 min after the start of tourniquet inflation, before tourniquet release and 20 min after tourniquet deflation.

Systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressure were significantly lower in the clonidine group compared with control after 45, 60 min tourniquet inflation and before tourniquet release (P < 0.05). Twenty minutes after deflation, diastolic and mean arterial pressure in the control group were still increased and significantly higher compared with the clonidine group (P < 0.05). Development of more than a 30% increase in systolic arterial pressure during tourniquet inflation was more frequent in the control group than in the other groups.

Preoperative oral clonidine 3 μg kg−1 significantly prevented tourniquet-induced systemic arterial pressure increase in patients under general anaesthesia better than oral dextromethorphan.