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La France et la mer, 1815–1914

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 May 2017

Michèle Battesti
Affiliation:
Michèle Battesti is a researcher, director of the department of ‘Defense and Society’ at the Institut de recherche stratégique de l'École militaire, Paris, France
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Summary

RÉSUMÉ. La reconstitution de la puissance française pendant la Restauration nécessita la reconstruction de sa marine, sans qu'il fût question de raviver l'ancienne rivalité maritime avec la Grande-Bretagne. l'introduction de la propulsion à vapeur, l'emploi de l'obus explosif et l'apparition du blindage, des innovations qui furent mises à l'épreuve pendant la guerre de Crimée(1854–56), poussèrent Napoléon III à recourir à la stratégie des moyens pour compenser la supériorité navale de la Grande-Bretagne. La France impériale prit ainsi la tête du progrès technique et se dota d'une flotte cuirassée, ce qui provoqua l'inquiétude des Britanniques, hostiles à l'essor d'une marine sur le continent. Durant la guerre de 1870, la marine impériale surclassait l'embryon de marine allemande, mais dans ce conflit de dimension continentale elle fut employée à contre-emploi et impuissante à sauver le régime impérial. Elle n'en fut pas moins jugée responsable de la défaite eu égard aux trois milliards de francs dépensés pour sa modernisation et connut une décennie de « recueillement ». Dans les années 1880, l'engouement de la Jeune École et de l'opinion publique pour les torpilleurs acheva d'oblitérer la puissance navale de la France qui rétrograda au quatrième rang des puissances maritimes et fut désarmée dans la compétition coloniale avec les Britanniques. Cette situation mena à la conclusion de l'Entente cordiale en 1904 à la faveur de laquelle la Grande-Bretagne et la France unirent leurs puissances impériales pour affronter l'émergence de l'Allemagne.

ABSTRACT. The restored Bourbon regime required a rebuilt navy, but there was no question of reviving naval rivalry with Britain. The development of steamers in the 1840s, followed by the first ironclads(both of which were used during the Russian War of 1854–56), encouraged hope that French genius might make up for British superiority in numbers. Napoleon III favoured his navy, which(the British feared) was intended to favour his ambitions, but in spite of building the first ironclad it was unable to compete with British industrial superiority, and did not save him in 1870. In the 1880s a radical(and Radical) experiment with torpedo-craft failed to overturn the ironclad's command of the sea, and naval weakness betrayed France in colonial disputes with Britain. All this led to the 1904 reversal of alliances after which Britain and France confronted the rise of Germany as successful imperial powers together.

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Publisher: Boydell & Brewer
Print publication year: 2017

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