Opera was one of the most passionately debated subjects in the culture of eighteenth–century Europe: men of letters and Philosophes – the class of people who today would be defined as ‘intellectuals’ – continued over the entire century to inquire into its nature, its relationships with other forms of artistic expression (literature, visual arts, drama), and its aesthetic and social purposes. The debate became intense in France toward the end of the seventeenth century, when the birth of the tragédie en musique posed the problem of how and to what extent a theatrical work which was defined as a tragedy, but was set entirely to music, could be compatible with the rigorous principles of verisimilitude and decorum which marked the severe classicism of contemporary drama. From France the debate extended to Italy, where men of letters congregated at the turn of the century in the academy of ‘Arcadia’ with the purpose of saving Italian literature from the decadence into which the prevailing ‘bad taste’ of the Baroque had thrown it, and restoring it to classical form and the function of educating minds and improving morals. The Arcadians had singled out opera as a leading factor in that decadence. This form had been created with the aim of reviving the spirit of ancient Greek tragedy, but instead of restoring the original unity of word, music and action, it had only separated them further, and even subverted the hierarchy among them.