Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-7c8c6479df-7qhmt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-03-28T23:56:57.769Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

18 - Psychotherapy

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 May 2019

Robert J. Sternberg
Affiliation:
Cornell University, New York
Wade E. Pickren
Affiliation:
Ithaca College, New York
Get access

Summary

Psychotherapy encompasses a broad array of psychological procedures that typically address individual well-being or self-understanding. With diverse roots in hypnosis and persuasion, psychotherapy evolved from a marginal treatment option at the turn of the twentieth century to central modality in contemporary Western mental health services. Psychoanalysis dominated the theorical development and public image of psychotherapy in the first half of the twentieth century, even though its practice was largely restricted to a psychiatric elite. Input from the emerging field of clinical psychology saw the development of alternative behavioral and cognitive approaches in the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s. These pragmatic techniques and accessible ideas were combined as cognitive-behavioral therapy and standardized in manualized form. Cognitive-behavioral therapy was more readily adapted to evidence-based paradigms than psychoanalysis, and evaluation research generally confirmed its efficacy. In recent times, the disciplinary basis for psychotherapy training and practice has broadened. While economic factors have prompted psychiatrists to move away from psychotherapy, especially in America, clinical psychologists have been joined by practitioners from other disciplines such as social work and psychiatric nursing. Despite the push for standardization, psychotherapeutic practice has remained eclectic. Psychotherapists continue to expand their professional remit, both upholding and challenging prevailing cultural norms.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Amouroux, R. (2017). Beyond indifference and aversion: The critical reception and belated acceptance of behavior therapy in France. History of Psychology, 20, 313329.Google Scholar
Baker, D. B., & Benjamin, L. T. (2005). Creating a profession: The National Institute of Mental Health and the training of psychologists. In Pickren, W. E. & Schneider, S. F. (Eds.), Psychology and the National Institute of Mental Health: A Historical Analysis of Science, Practice and Policy (pp. 181207). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Bandura, A. (1969). Principles of Behavior Modification. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.Google Scholar
Barlow, D. H. (2010). Negative effects from psychological treatments: A perspective. American Psychologist, 65, 1320.Google Scholar
Beck, A. T. (1967). Depression: Clinical, Experimental, and Theoretical Aspects. New York: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Beck, A. T., Rush, A. J., Shaw, B. F., & Emery, G. (1979). The Cognitive Therapy of Depression. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Bergin, A. E., & Garfield, S. L. (1971). Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change: An Empirical Analysis. Oxford: Wiley.Google Scholar
Borch-Jacobsen, M., & Shamdasani, S. (2012). The Freud Files: An Inquiry into the History of Psychoanalysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Buchanan, R. D. (2003). Legislative warriors: American psychiatrists, psychologists and competing claims over psychotherapy in the 1950s. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 39, 225249.Google Scholar
Buchanan, R. D. (2010). Playing with Fire: The Controversial Career of Hans Eysenck. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Caplan, E. (2001). Mind Games: American Culture and the Birth of Psychotherapy. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Chow, P. I., Wagner, J., Lüdtke, O., Trautwein, U., & Roberts, B. (2017). Therapy experience in naturalistic observational studies is associated with negative changes in personality, Journal of Research in Personality, 68, 8895.Google Scholar
Coyne, J. C., & Kok, R. N. (2014). Salvaging psychotherapy research: A manifesto. Journal of Evidence-Based Psychotherapies, 14, 105124.Google Scholar
Crews, F. C. (1995). The Memory Wars: Freud’s Legacy in DisputeNew York: New York Review of Books.Google Scholar
Cushman, P. (1995). Constructing the Self, Constructing America: A Cultural History of Psychotherapy. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.Google Scholar
Davies, W. (2016). The Happiness Industry: How the Government and Big Business Sold Us Well-Being. New York: Verso.Google Scholar
DeLeon, P., Patrick, H., Kenkel, M., & Garcia-Shelton, L. (2011). Psychotherapy, 1960 to the present. In Norcross, J. C., Van den Bos, G. R., & Freedheim, D. K. (Eds.), History of Psychotherapy: Continuity and Change (pp. 3962). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
De Maat, S., Dekker, J., Schoevers, R., & De Jonghe, F. (2006). Relative efficacy of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy in the treatment of depression: A meta-analysis. Psychotherapy Research, 16, 562572.Google Scholar
Dendy, W. C. (1853). Psyche: A Discourse on the Birth and Pilgrimage of Thought. London: Longman, Brown, Green & Longmans.Google Scholar
Dollard, J., & Miller, N. E. (1950). Personality and Psychotherapy. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Ehrenwald, J. (1991). The History of Psychotherapy. New York: Jason Aronson.Google Scholar
Ellis, A. (1962). Reason and Emotion in Psychotherapy. New York: Lyle Stewart.Google Scholar
Esterson, A. (1993). Seductive Mirage: An Exploration of the Work of Sigmund Freud. Chicago: Open Court.Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. (1952). The effects of psychotherapy: An evaluation. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 16, 319324.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eysenck, H. J. (1959). Learning theory and behaviour therapy. Journal of Mental Science, 105, 6175.Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. (Ed.) (1960). Behaviour Therapy and the Neuroses. Oxford: Pergamon.Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. (Ed.) (1964). Behaviour Therapy and the Neuroses (2nd ed.). Oxford: Pergamon.Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. (1966). The Effects of Psychotherapy. New York: Inter-science Press.Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. (1978). An exercise in mega-silliness. American Psychologist, 33, 517.Google Scholar
Hayes, S. C., & Hofmann, S. G. (2017). The third wave of cognitive behavioral therapy and the rise of process‐based careWorld Psychiatry16, 245246.Google Scholar
Hollon, S. D., & DiGiuseppe, R. (2011). Cognitive theories of psychotherapy. In Norcross, J. C., Van den Bos, G. R., & Freedheim, D. K. (Eds.), History of Psychotherapy: Continuity and Change (pp. 203241). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Illouz, E. (2008). Saving the Modern Soul: Therapy, Emotions and the Culture of Self-Help. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Johnsen, T. J., & Friborg, O. (2015). The effects of cognitive behavioral therapy as an anti-depressive treatment is falling: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 141, 747768.Google Scholar
Kuhn, P. (2017). Psychoanalysis in Britain, 1893 to 1913: Histories and Historiography. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Lambert, M. J., & Barley, D. E. (2001). Research summary on the therapeutic relationship and psychotherapy outcome. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 38, 357361.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Landman, J. T., & Dawes, R. M. (1982). Psychotherapy outcome: Smith and Glass’ conclusions stand up under scrutiny. American Psychologist, 37, 504516.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ljótsson, B., Hedman, E., Mattsson, S., & Andersson, E. (2017). The effects of cognitive–behavioral therapy for depression are not falling: A re-analysis of Johnsen and Friborg (2015). Psychological Bulletin, 143, 321325.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mahoney, M. J. (1974). Cognition and Behavior Modification. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.Google Scholar
Marks, S. (2012). Cognitive behaviour therapy in Britain: The historical context and present situation. In Dryden, W. (Ed.), Cognitive Behaviour Therapies (pp. 124). London: Sage.Google Scholar
Masson, J. M. (1984). The Assault on Truth: Freud’s Suppression of the Seduction Theory. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.Google Scholar
Medawar, P. B. (1975). Victims of psychiatryNew York Review of Books, 23 (January), 1721.Google Scholar
Meltzoff, J., & Kornreich, M. (1970). Research in Psychotherapy. New York: Atherton.Google Scholar
Mosher, P. W. (2008). Letter from the United States. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 89, 11091122.Google Scholar
Mowrer, O. H., & Mowrer, W. M. (1938). Enuresis: A method for its study and treatment. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 8, 436459.Google Scholar
Olfson, M., & Marcus, S. C. (2010). National trends in outpatient psychotherapy. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167, 14561463.Google Scholar
Parry, G. (2015). Psychologists as therapists: An overview. In Hall, J., Pilgrim, D., & Turpin, G. (Eds.), Clinical Psychology in Britain: Historical Perspectives (pp. 181193). London: British Psychological Society.Google Scholar
Paul, G. L. (1966). Insight Vs. Desensitization in Psychotherapy: An Experiment in Anxiety Reduction. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Pols, H. (2018). Towards trans-cultural histories of psychotherapies. European Journal of Psychotherapy & Counselling, 20, 88103.Google Scholar
Popper, K. (1963). Conjectures and Refutations. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Porter, R. (2002). Madness: A Brief History. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Rachman, S. J., & Wilson, G. T. (1980). The Effects of Psychological Therapy (2nd enlarged ed.). New York: Pergamon.Google Scholar
Rogers, C. R. (1939). The Clinical Treatment of the Problem Child. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
Rosenzweig, S. (1936). Some implicit common factors in diverse methods of psychotherapy. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 6, 412415.Google Scholar
Rosner, R. I. (2012). Aaron T. Beck’s drawings and the psychoanalytic origin story of cognitive therapyHistory of Psychology, 15, 118.Google Scholar
Rosner, R. I. (2014). The splendid isolation of Aaron T. Beck. Isis, 105, 734758.Google Scholar
Rosner, R. I. (2018). Manualizing psychotherapy: Aaron T. Beck and the origins of cognitive therapy of depression. European Journal of Psychotherapy & Counselling, 20, 2547.Google Scholar
Schomerus, G., Schwahn, C., Holzinger, A., Corrigan, P. W., Grabe, H. J., Carta, M. G., & Angermeyer, M. C. (2012). Evolution of public attitudes about mental illness: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 125, 440452.Google Scholar
Scull, A. (2015). Contending professions: Sciences of the brain and mind in the United States, 1850–2013. Science in Context, 28, 131161.Google Scholar
Shamdasani, S. (2005). “Psychotherapy”: The invention of a word. History of the Human Sciences, 18, 122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shamdasani, S. (2012). Psychotherapy in 1909: Notes on a vintage. In Burnham, J. C. (Ed.), After Freud Left: New Reflections on a Century of Psychoanalysis (pp. 3147). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Shamdasani, S. (2017). Psychotherapy in society: Historical reflections. In Eghigian, G. (Ed.), The Routledge History of Madness and Mental Health (pp. 363378). London: Routledge,.Google Scholar
Stark, L. (2017). Albert Ellis, rational therapy and the media of “modern” emotional management. History of the Human Sciences, 30, 5474.Google Scholar
Wampold, B. (2015). How important are the common factors in psychotherapy? An update. World Psychiatry, 14, 270277.Google Scholar
Wolpe, J. (1954). Reciprocal inhibition as the main basis of psychotherapeutic effects. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 72, 205226.Google Scholar
Woolfolk, R. L. (2015). The Value of Psychotherapy: The Talking Cure in an Age of Clinical Science. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Wright, K. (2011). The Rise of the Therapeutic Society: Psychological Knowledge and the Contradictions of Cultural Change. Washington, DC: New Academia.Google Scholar
Yates, A. (1970). Behavior Therapy. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Young, J. E., Klosko, J. S., & Weishaar, M. E. (2003). Schema Therapy: A Practitioner’s Guide. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×