Harris, RD, Barth, RA. Sonography of the gravid uterus and placenta: current concepts. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1993; 160(3): 455–65.Google Scholar

Taniquchi, H, Aoki, S, Sakamaki, K, et al. Circumvallate placenta: associated clinical manifestations and complications – a retrospective study. Obstet Gynecol Int 2014; 986230.Google Scholar

Harris, RD, Wells, W A, Black, WC, et al. Accuracy of prenatal sonography for detecting circumvallate placenta. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1997; 168(6): 1603–8.Google Scholar

Suzuki, S. Clinical significance of pregnancies with circumvallate placenta. J Obstet Gyneaecol Res 2008; 34(1): 51–4.Google Scholar

Tufail, S, Nawaz, S, Sadaf, M, et al. Association between battledore placenta and perinatal complications. J Rawalpindi Med College 2012; 16(2): 159–61.Google Scholar

Di Salvo, DN, Benson, CB, Laing, FC, et al. Sonographic evaluation of the placental cord insertion insertion site. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1998; 170: 1295–8.Google Scholar

Alfirevic, Z, Stampalija, T, Gyte, GML. Fetal and umbilical ultrasound in high-risk pregnancies. Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; 11: CD007529.Google Scholar

Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG). Placenta praevia, placenta accreta and vasa praevia: diagnosis and management. RCOG Green-Top guideline No. 27. London: RCOG Press, 2005.Google Scholar

d’Ercole, C, Cravello, L, Boubli, L, et al. Large choriangioma associated with hydrops fetalis: pren diagnosis and management. Fetal Diagn Ther 1996; 11: 357–60.Google Scholar

Al Wattar, BH, Hillman, SC, Marton, T, et al. Placetal chorioangioma: a rare case and systematic review of literature. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2014; 27(10): 1055–63.Google Scholar

Secki, MJ, Sebire, NJ, Berkowtitz, RS. Gestational trophoblastic disease. Lancet 2010; 376(9742): 717–29.Google Scholar

Moodley, M, Tunkyi, k, Moodley, J. Gestational trophoblastic syndrome: an audit of 112 patients. A South African experience. Int J Gyn Cancer 2003; 13(2): 234–9.Google Scholar

Sivanesaratnam, V. Management of gestational trophoblastic disease in developing countries. Best Pract Res Clin Obst Gynaecol 2003; 17(6): 925–42.Google Scholar

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). Prevention of RhD alloimmunization. Gynecology & Obstetrics ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 4, May 1999. Int J Gynecol Obstet 1999;66:63–70.Google Scholar

Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG). The management of gestational trophoblastic disease. Green-Top Guideline No 38. London: RCOG Press, February 2010.Google Scholar

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). Diagnosis and treatment of gestational trophoblastic disease. ACOG Practice Bulletin – Clinical Management Guidelines for Obstetrician–Gynaecologists, No. 53. Obstet Gynecol 2004; 103(6): 1365–77.Google Scholar

Berkowitz, RS, Goldstein, DP. Current management of gestational trophoblastic diseases. Gynecol Oncol 2009; 112: 654–62.Google Scholar

Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG). The management of gestational trophoblastic disease. RCOG Green-Top Guideline No. 38, London: RCOG Press, February 2010.Google Scholar

Knight, M, Kenyon, S, Brocklehurst, P, et al. (eds) on behalf of MBRRACE-UK. Saving Lives, Improving Mothers’ Care – Lessons learned to inform future maternity care from the UK and Ireland confidential enquiries into maternal deaths and morbidity 2009–12. Oxford: National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, 2014.Google Scholar

Rasmussen, S, Irgens, LM. Occurrence of placental abruption in relatives. BJOG 2009; 116: 693–9.Google Scholar

Tikkanen, M. Etiology, clinical manifestations and prediction of placental abruption. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2010; 89: 732–40.Google Scholar

Dwyer, BK, Beloglovkin, V, Ytan, L, et al. Prenatal diagnosis of placental accreta: sonography and magnetic resonance imaging? J Ultrasound Med 2008: 27(9): 1275–81.Google Scholar

Chou, MM, Ho, ES, Lee, HY. Prenatal diagnosis of placenta praevia accreta by trans abdominal color Doppler ultrasound. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2000; 15: 28–35.Google Scholar

Palacious Jarquemada, JM, Bruno, CH. Magnetic resonance in 300 cases of placenta accrete: surgical correlation of new findings. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2005; 84: 716–24.Google Scholar

Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG). Placenta praevia, placenta accrete and vasa praevia: diagnosis and management. RCOG Green-Top Guideline No 27. London: RCOG Press, January 2011.Google Scholar

Silver, RM. Abnormal placentation. Clinical expert series. Obstet & Gynecol 2015 Sept; 126(3): 654–68.Google Scholar

Silver, RM, Barbour, KD. Placenta accreta spectrum. Obstet Gynecol Clin N Am (2015); 42: 381–402.Google Scholar

Shetty, MK, Dryden, DK. Morbidly adherent placenta: ultrasound assessment and supplemental role of magnetic resonance imaging. Semin Ultrasound CT MRI. 2015; 36: 324–31.Google Scholar

Rac, MWF, Dashe, JS, Wells, CE, Moschos, E. Ultrasound predictors of placental invasion: the placenta accrete index. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2015; 212: 343.e1–7.Google Scholar

Bowman, ZS, Eller, AG, Kennedy, AM, Richards, DS, Winter, TC, Woodward, PJ, Silver, RM. Interobserver variability of sonography for prediction of placenta accrete. J Ultrasound Med 2014; 33: 2153–8.Google Scholar

Alfirevic, Z, Tang, AW, Collins, S, Robson, S, Jaraquemada, JP. Standardised proforma for ultrasound reporting in suspected abnormally invasive placenta (AIP)– an international consensus. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2015 Nov; 13: Doi: 10.1002/uog.15810.Google Scholar

Srisajjakul, S, Prapaisilp, P, Bangchokdee, S. MRI of placental adhesive disorder. Br J Radiol 2014; 87: 20140294.Google Scholar

Magan, EF, Bass, JD, Chauhan, SP, et al. Amniotic fluid volume in normal singleton pregnancies. Obstet Gynecol 1997; 90: 524.Google Scholar

Ghidini, A, Schiliro, M. Locatelli, A. Amniotic fluid volume: when and how to take action. Contemporary OB/Gyn 2014; 59(6): 26–35.Google Scholar

Nwosu, EC, Welch, CR, Manasse, P, et al. Longitudinal assessment of amniotic fluid index. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1993; 100: 816–19.Google Scholar

Kollmann, M, Voetsch, J, Koidl, C, et al. Etiology and perinatal outcome of polyhydramnios. Ultraschall Med 2014; 35(4): 350–6.Google Scholar

Fayyaz, H, Rafi, J. TORCH screening in polyhydramnios: an observational study. J Maternal Fetal Neonatal Med 2012; 25(7): 1069–72.Google Scholar

Nabham, AF, Abdelmoula, YA. Amniotic fluid index versus single deepest vertical pockets of liquor as a screening test for preventing adverse pregnancy outcome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008; 16(3): CD006593.Google Scholar