The Planning and Building Law passed its third and final reading in the Knesset on July 14, 1965. The Law was twelve years in preparation and is a comprehensive code, considered by text writers to be an adequate law for planning and building in a modern state. Based on the Town Planning Ordinance, 1936, the 1965 Law deviates from the old Law in significant areas. Most significantly, the Planning and Building Law requires the State to conform to the requirements of planning schemes, prepared at the national, district and local level. This deviation from the earlier Law is significant because the Government of Israel is the country's largest builder, and planning would be ineffective if the State were outside the jurisdiction of the Law. With this significant change duly published in Reshumot, the following analysis of a specific land use planning problem casts light directly on the Government's willingness to be governed, and obliquely on the effectiveness of the Planning and Building Law, 1965.

Hold, hold, what are you doing now? Are you going to
arraign his whole life? How can he defend himself from
charges of which he has no notice? And how many issues
are to be raised to perplex me and the jury? Away, away!
That ought not to be: that is nothing to the matter.
Holt, L.C.J., Harrison's Trial
(1692) 12 How. St. Tr. 833, 864.

Exclusion of evidence of similar facts has not been specifically dealt with in the law of Israel and therefore, according to Art. 46 of the Palestine Order-in-Council, 1922, English common law rules have been applied by the courts as a matter of course despite the absence of the jury system in this country—and regardless of the stipulation at the end of Art. 46. The influence of these rules, as applied in criminal cases, is the main theme of this article.

In the words of J. Stone,

The study of monetary law is neglected almost everywhere, especially in Anglo-Saxon countries. It is treated as an obscure and special branch of commercial law of specific interest to bankers and their advisers. In fact, however, changes in the value of money are and have been a fact of life all over the world in the last fifty-five years. Monetary law is the legal dimension of monetary problems, intended to regulate the legal relationships affected by change in the value of money. Monetary law is thus in our time a branch of general jurisprudence and indeed it is one of the foundations of law. But the law is conservative and legal science has yet to discover the study of monetary law. Up to the present time very few people (including judges, lawyers and private parties) have any clear notion of how to deal with legal relationships affected by monetary changes and catastrophes. One of the abiding fallacies is that a cardinal public interest requires strict adherence to the nominalistic solution of private money disputes in disregard of the monetary changes that occur almost daily.

There is a growing interest in observing the work of lawyers in active practice. There are similarities and differences among lawyers. Broadly stated we may classify lawyering functions into two categories, practice of litigation law and preventive law. Usually it can be said that lawyers who represent disputing parties are involved in litigation practice. Such a dispute situation arises out of some past events. The clients of the preventive law lawyer come to him for advice, guidance, or counsel before the client engages in a course of action. The client often wants to know how best to conduct his affairs within the legal structure so as to minimize the risk of later trouble and so as to maximize his legal rights.

Also, observations have led to inquiry regarding the nature of the lawyering functions. Lawyers exist and practice in different countries under different social, cultural, economic and legal structures. Yet often the clients have similar desires. Disputes arise between people, and the disputing parties seek the help of lawyers to represent them in the litigating process. Also, though less publicized, clients seek the help of legal advisers before engaging in commercial ventures. For a number of academic and practical reasons, the roles and functions of lawyers and legal advisers in different societies could be compared and analyzed.