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The impact of dietary saturated fat replacement with unsaturated fat on the plasma lipidome and cardiometabolic disease risk

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 February 2022

L. Sellem ,
F. Eichelmann ,
M. Weech ,
K.G. Jackson ,
M. Schulze  and
J.A. Lovegrove
L. Sellem
Affiliation:
Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, UK
F. Eichelmann
Affiliation:
Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
M. Weech
Affiliation:
Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, UK
K.G. Jackson
Affiliation:
Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, UK
M. Schulze
Affiliation:
Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
J.A. Lovegrove
Affiliation:
Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, UK
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Proceedings of the Nutrition Society , Volume 81 , Issue OCE1: Winter Conference 2021, 7–8 December 2021, Obesity and the brain , 2022 , E51
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Copyright © The Authors 2022

Evidence from epidemiological studies and randomised controlled trials (RCTs) suggests that replacing dietary saturated (SFAs) with unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) may have beneficial impacts on cardiometabolic disease (CMD) risk(1). However, interdisciplinary research narrowing the gap between interventional and observational evidence is lacking. Recent findings have suggested the utility of high-throughput lipidomics to identify potential CMD risk markers and provide novel aetiological insights into the relationship between dietary fat composition and CMD risk(Reference Eichelmann, Sellem and Wittenbecher2). Thus, this study aimed to assess the lipidome-mediated impact of replacing dietary SFAs with UFAs on CMD risk.

Plasma fatty acid (FA) concentrations among 14 lipid classes were measured using high-throughput lipidomics analyses (Metabolon, USA) in samples from the DIVAS parallel RCT (n = 113), which investigated the effects of three 16-week diets enriched in SFAs (target SFA:monounsaturated fatty acids MUFA:n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids PUFA ratio = 17:11:4% total energy TE), MUFAs (target SFA:MUFA:n-6PUFA ratio = 9:19:4%TE), or a mixture of UFAs (target SFA:MUFA:n-6PUFA ratio = 9:13:10%TE) on CMD risk markers such as fasting lipid profiles, and markers of inflammation, endothelial function, and arterial stiffness(Reference Vafeiadou, Weech and Altowaijri3). Similar lipidomics analyses were conducted on samples from two case-cohorts from the EPIC-Potsdam prospective cohort study [n = 1,707 for type 2 diabetes (T2D) and n = 1,886 for cardiovascular diseases (CVD)](Reference Eichelmann, Sellem and Wittenbecher2). Within-class FAs sensitive to the DIVAS dietary intervention were identified using multiple linear regression models and related to CMD risks in each EPIC-Potsdam case-cohort using multivariable Cox proportional hazard models. Finally, within- class FAs associated with changes in CMD risk markers assessed in the DIVAS study were identified using constraint-based feature selection algorithms and multiple linear regression models.

Analysis of within-class plasma FA concentrations revealed high-UFA intervention diets from the DIVAS study broadly reduced the concentrations of FAs associated with higher CVD risk, and to a lesser extent T2D risk, in the EPIC-Potsdam cohort, such as palmitic (16:0) and stearic (18:0) acids in di- and triacylglycerol, and myristic acid (14:0) in hexosylceramides, with clearer effects of the high- MUFA diet compared to the mixed-UFA. Reciprocally, the high-UFA diets increased the concentrations of FAs associated with lower CMD risk, such as erucic acid (22:1) in triacylglycerol and nervonic acid (24:1) in lactosylceramides. Furthermore, increased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and total cholesterol concentrations were associated with a higher abundance of arachidic acid (20:0) in cholesteryl esters and diacylglycerol (p < 10−3 and p = 0.001, respectively), whilst increased interleukin-6 and P-selectin concentrations were associated with higher proportions of arachidic acid (20:0) in mono- (p = 0.008) and triacylglycerol (p = 0.02).

Overall, these findings suggest a potential mediating role of plasma lipid metabolites in the association between dietary fat and CMD risk. Future research combining interventional and observational findings and investigating the identified within-class FAs is warranted to improve our understanding of dietary fat composition in CMD aetiology.

References

Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition: Saturated fats and health (2019).Google Scholar
Eichelmann, F, Sellem, L, Wittenbecher, C et al. (2021), under review (Circulation).Google Scholar
Vafeiadou, K, Weech, M, Altowaijri, H et al. (2015) Am J Clin Nutr 102(1), 40–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar