Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-v9fdk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-18T01:26:57.177Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

A survey of laboratory-confirmed isolates of invasive listeriosis in Israel, 1997–2007

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 September 2008

V. VASILEV ,
R. JAPHETH ,
N. ANDORN ,
R. YSHAI ,
V. AGMON ,
E. GAZIT ,
Y. KASHI  and
D. COHEN
V. VASILEV*
Affiliation:
Central Laboratories of the Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel
R. JAPHETH
Affiliation:
Central Laboratories of the Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel
N. ANDORN
Affiliation:
Central Laboratories of the Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel
R. YSHAI
Affiliation:
Central Laboratories of the Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel
V. AGMON
Affiliation:
Central Laboratories of the Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel
E. GAZIT
Affiliation:
Department of Laboratories of the Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel
Y. KASHI
Affiliation:
Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
D. COHEN
Affiliation:
Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
*
*Author for correspondence: Dr V. Vasilev, Central Laboratories of the Ministry of Health, 9 Yaakov Eliav Street, PO Box 34410, Jerusalem 91342, Israel. (Email: valentine.vasilev@eliav.health.gov.il)
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Summary

During the 11-year period from 1997 to 2007, 321 isolates of Listeria monocytogenes from sporadic cases of invasive listeriosis were reported to the national reference laboratory in Israel. Of these isolates, 113 (35%) were identified from perinatal cases, and 208 (65%) from non-perinatal cases. The prevalent serovars were 4b, 1/2b, 1/2a and 4c. Serovar 4b was identified in 80·5% of the perinatal isolates (P=0·0162), while the number of 1/2b and 1/2a strains increased in the ⩾60 years old group (P=0·0285). Resistance to tetracycline was found in eight 4b isolates. The seasonal distribution showed that 206 isolates (64·2%) were submitted during the hot season (May–October). The estimated morbidity for the study period was 4·4 per million. The incidence of invasive listeriosis was higher in the perinatal group (5·6/100 000), than in individuals aged ⩾60 years (1·5/100 000).

Keywords

Incidencelisteriosisresistanceserovarssurveillance
Type
Original Papers
Information
Epidemiology & Infection , Volume 137 , Issue 4 , April 2009 , pp. 577 - 580
Copyright
Copyright © 2008 Cambridge University Press

INTRODUCTION

With a morbidity of 2–10 cases per million, invasive listeriosis is a rare disease; however, it may be a serious health risk for immunocompromised individuals and the elderly because Listeria monocytogenes is widely spread and may enter the food chain despite standard precautions [Reference Gillespie1–Reference Hjaltested3]. The reported figures depend on the sensitivity of surveillance, with the highest rates registered in countries with statutory notification of Listeria infections [Reference Hedberg4, Reference Doorduyn5]. An integral part of the monitoring system is the microbiological survey, conducted by a central reference laboratory, using phenotypic (serology) and genotypic (PFGE, MLVA and MLST) methods [Reference Liu6, Reference Allerberger7]. Since most isolates belong to serovars 4b, 1/2b, and 1/2a, the discriminatory power of Listeria serology is relatively low. However, the genetic division of the serovars into lineages and phylogenetic groups has increased the usefulness of serotyping as a relatively quick, low-cost method for routine microbiological surveillance [Reference Doumith8].

In Israel, invasive listeriosis has been reported in immunocompromised patients and pregnant women [Reference Tweezer-Zaks9–Reference Siegman-Igra12]. Notification became mandatory in 1996, and the Reference Listeria Laboratory (RLL) was established in 1997. The aim of this report is to present the first longitudinal survey of clinical L. monocytogenes isolates, tested at the RLL.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The study includes a total of 321 L. monocytogenes isolates from sporadic cases, identified by hospital laboratories, using standard methods [Reference Kerr and Lacey13] over a period of 11 years (1997–2007). Using the data in the accompanying forms, they were divided into perinatal and non-perinatal, and the second group was subdivided into strains from patients aged <60 years and ⩾60 years (Table 1). The isolates were from blood, CSF, maternofetal (amniotic fluid, placenta and products of conception) and focal sites (pleural and peritoneal fluid).

Table 1. Serovar distribution of L. monocytogenes isolates in the host groups

Biochemical verification was carried out with the Microgen Listeria-ID system (Microgen Bioproducts Ltd, Camberley, Surrey, UK). Serotyping was performed with commercial antisera, following the manufacturer's protocol (Denka Seiken, Tokyo, Japan), with a modification for the H-antigen agglutination test [Reference McLauchlin and Shah14].

Antimicrobial susceptibility was checked by the disk diffusion method in accordance with the recommendations of the Swedish Reference Group for Antibiotics [15]. Commercially prepared disks (Oxoid, Basingstoke, UK) were used, containing ampicillin (AMP, 10 μg), sulphamethoxazole–trimethoprim 19.1 (SXT, 25 μg), vancomycin (VA, 30 μg), tetracycline (TE, 30 μg), gentamicin (CN, 10 μg) and chloramphenicol (C, 30 μg). The results were interpreted using the criteria of the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards for Listeria spp. and Staphylococcus spp., as well as previously published data [Reference Troxler16–Reference Hansen, Gerner-Smidt and Bruun18]. Reference strains of Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) were tested in each run.

Data analysis

Correlations between the general prevalence of the serovars and their distributions in the host groups were analysed by χ2 test (two-tailed tests were used). The morbidity estimates (per million) were calculated using the population figures of the Israel Bureau of Statistics [Statistical abstracts (http://www.cbs.dov.il)]. The incidence estimates (per 100 000) were based on the number of pregnancies and individuals aged <60 and ⩾60 years.

RESULTS

Perinatal isolates

A total of 113 (35%) isolates were from perinatal cases: 29 newborns and 84 pregnant women (mean age 29 years, range 19–40). The most prevalent serovar was 4b (80·5%), followed by 1/2b and 1/2a (P=0·0162, Table 1). The isolates were from blood (77, 68%), maternofetal sites (29, 26%) and CSF (7, 6·2%).

Non-perinatal isolates

Of the 208 (65%) non-perinatal isolates, 144 were from patients aged ⩾60 years (mean age 79 years, range 60–91) and 64 from patients aged <60 years (mean age 42 years, range 2–59). The most prevalent serovar was 4b, followed by significantly high numbers of 1/2b and 1/2a strains in the ⩾60 years subgroup in comparison with the general serovar distribution (P=0·0285, Table 1). Two 4c strains were identified in blood and CSF from female patients aged 80 and 81 years, respectively. Most of the samples were from blood (134, 78%), followed by CSF (29, 17%) and focal sites (9, 5·2%); 105 patients were male and 103 were female (M/F ratio=1·01).

The seasonal distribution showed that 206 isolates (64·2%) were submitted between May and October (P=0·0001).

Antimicrobial susceptibility

A total of 115 L. monocytogenes strains were checked, of which 96 (83·5%) were from blood, 13 (11·3%) from CSF, and 6 (5·2%) from maternofetal sites. The serovar distribution was as follows: 4b (80, 69·5%), 1/2b (17, 15%), 1/2a (16, 14%) and 4c (2, 2%). Resistance to TE was found in eight 4b isolates (6·5%), of which seven were from blood and one from CSF. Three of the resistant strains were from perinatal cases and five from non-perinatal cases.

DISCUSSION

In our population 4b was the most common Listeria serovar isolated over an 11-year period. This result is consistent with its recognized high pathogenic potential [Reference Vazquez19]. As previously noted [Reference Vazquez19, Reference McLauchlin20], serovar 4b is more common in the perinatal group (P=0·0162), compared with those aged ⩾60 years (P=0·0285, Table 1). The different distribution of serovar 1/2b in the two groups may be connected to genetic variances in pathogenic tropism, since it is of the same lineage as 4b but in a separate phylogenetic group [Reference Doumith8].

The prevalence of 1/2a, which belongs to a different lineage (lineage II), differs from other reports where it has been the most common or the second most common serovar in clinical strains [Reference Gillespie1, Reference Goulet21]. Its occurrence may also be host dependent, in that it is less commonly isolated from perinatal cases, and increases in those aged ⩾60 years (Table 1).

Serovar 4c (lineage III) is rarely found in clinical isolates [Reference Roberts22, Reference Liu23]. In this study, both strains were rhamnose +, which places them in the genetically distinct and reportedly more virulent subgroup IIIA [Reference Roberts22]. However, low exposure to food contaminated with Listeria isolates belonging to the three subgroups of serovar 4c may be a reason for the small number of clinical cases described in our population [Reference Roberts22, Reference Ward24].

The noted summer increase in morbidity [Reference Gillespie1, Reference Siegman-Igra12, Reference Voetsch25] was also found in our study, with the May–October period being the hot season in Israel. According to one hypothesis, there is a link with the concomitant increase in gastrointestinal infections, which, in addition to provoking immunosupression, facilitate the entry and dissemination of L. monocytogenes in the intestine [Reference Crum2, Reference Schwartz26, Reference Roberts and Weidman27]. There is a well-documented case report of sporadic listeriosis in a healthy adult following Shigella sonnei shigellosis [Reference Lorber28], as well as experimental data of interactions between L. monocytogenes and other enteric bacteria at the level of the intestinal mucosa [Reference Jensen, Harty and Jones29]. The relevance of these findings to listeriosis incidence requires additional studies, considering the established high morbidity of shigellosis and other enteric diseases in Israel [Reference Vasilev30].

As in other reports, antimicrobial susceptibility is high, with tetracycline resistance most often described in human isolates when antimicrobial resistance is present [Reference Charpentier and Courvalin31]. Incidentally, a low incidence of tetracycline resistance also was found in food isolates in Israel from the same period (V. Vasilev, unpublished data).

Based on the number of submitted isolates, the morbidity of invasive listeriosis in Israel is 4·4 per million. Since 2005, the number of reported Listeria cases has been increasing (Fig. 1), while most industrialized countries report a decline [Reference Swaminathan and Getrner-Smidt32]. The increase in Listeria cases in Israel requires further study to understand its aetiology. As previously reported by others [Reference Gillespie1, Reference Hedberg4, Reference Vazquez19, Reference de Valk33], invasive listeriosis was more common in the perinatal age group (5·6/100 000) than in individuals aged ⩾60 years (1·5/100 000).

Fig. 1. Estimated annual morbidity (per one million).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We acknowledge the contribution of the late Dr A. Mates, former head of the Department of Laboratories of the Ministry of Health, who initiated the establishment of the RLL.

DECLARATION OF INTEREST

None.

References

REFERENCES

1. Gillespie, IA, et al. Changing pattern of human listeriosis, England and Wales, 2001–2004. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2006; 9: 1361–1366.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2. Crum, NF. Update on Listeria monocytogenes infection. Current Gastroenterological Report 2002; 4: 287–296.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
3. Hjaltested, EKR, et al. Listeriosis in Iceland, 1978–2000: a description of cases and molecular biology. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 2002; 34: 735–741.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
4. Hedberg, C. Listeria in Europe: the need for a European surveillance network is growing. Eurosurveillance 2006; 11: 75–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
5. Doorduyn, Y, et al. Invasive Listeria monocytogenes infections in the Netherlands, 1995–2003. European Journal of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 2006; 25: 433–442.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
6. Liu, D. Identification, subtyping and virulence determination of Listeria monocytogenes, an important foodborne pathogen. Journal of Medical Microbiology 2006; 55: 645–659.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
7. Allerberger, F. Listeria: growth, phenotypic differentiation and molecular microbiology. FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology 2003; 35: 183–189.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
8. Doumith, M, et al. Differentiation of the major Listeria monocytogenes serovars by multiplex PCR. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2004; 42: 3819–3822.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
9. Tweezer-Zaks, N, et al. Listeria monocytogenes sepsis in patients treated with anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Israel Medical Association Journal 2003; 5: 829–830.Google ScholarPubMed
10. Lurie, S, Feinstein, M, Mamet, Y. Listeria monocytogenes reinfection in a pregnant woman. BJOG: International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1999; 106: 509–510.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
11. Benshushan, A, et al. Listeria infection during pregnancy. Israel Medical Association Journal 2002; 4: 776–780.Google ScholarPubMed
12. Siegman-Igra, Y, et al. Listeria monocytogenes infection in Israel and review of cases worldwide. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2002; 8: 305–310.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
13. Kerr, KG, Lacey, RW. Isolation and identification of Listeria monocytogenes. Journal of Clinical Pathology 1991; 44: 624–627.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
14. McLauchlin, J, Shah, S. A method to identify H antigens of Listeria using microtiter plates. Book of Abstracts, ISOPOL XI, Copenhagen, 1992, pp. 211–212.Google Scholar
15. Swedish Reference Group for Antibiotics (SRGA) and its Subcommittee on Methodology (SRGA-M). SRGA methods and QA (www.srga.org) version 3. Accessed 2006.Google Scholar
16. Troxler, R, et al. Natural antibiotic susceptibility of Listeria species: L. grayi, L. innocua, L. ivanovi, L. monocytogenes, L. seeligeri and L. welshmeri strains. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2000; 6: 525–535.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
17. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Modifications of standard methods for susceptibility testing of Listeria spp. and Neisseria meningitidis. NCCLS document M-7-A5 (Table 7). Villanova, PA: NCCLS, 2000.Google Scholar
18. Hansen, JM, Gerner-Smidt, P, Bruun, B. Antibiotic susceptibility of Listeria monocytogenes in Denmark 1958–2001. APMIS 2005; 113: 31–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
19. Vazquez, JA, et al. Listeria pathogenesis and molecular virulence determinants. Clinical Microbiological Reviews 2001; 14: 584–640.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
20. McLauchlin, J. Distribution of serovars of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from different categories of patients with listeriosis. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 1990; 9: 210–213.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
21. Goulet, V, et al. Surveillance of human listeriosis in France, 2001–2003. Eurosurveillance 2006; 11: 79–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
22. Roberts, A, et al. Genetic and phenotypic characterization of Listeria monocytogenes lineage III. Microbiology 2006; 152: 685–693.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
23. Liu, D, et al. Listeria monocytogenes subgroups IIIA, IIIB, and IIIC delineate genetically distinct populations with varied pathogenic potential. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2006; 44: 4229–4233.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
24. Ward, TJ, et al. Intraspecific phylogeny and lineage group identification based on the prfA virulence gene cluster of Listeria monocytogenes. Journal of Bacteriology 2004; 186: 4994–5002.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
25. Voetsch, AC, et al. Reduction in the incidence of invasive listeriosis in foodborne diseases active surveillance network sites, 1996–2003. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2007; 44: 513–520.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
26. Schwartz, B, et al. Investigation of an outbreak of listeriosis: new hypothesis for the etiology of epidemic Listeria monocytogenes infections. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1989; 159: 680–685.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
27. Roberts, AJ, Weidman, M. Pathogen, host and environmental factors of the pathogenesis of listeriosis. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 2003; 60: 904–918.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
28. Lorber, B. Listeriosis following shigellosis. Review of Infectious Diseases 1991; 13: 865–866.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
29. Jensen, VB, Harty, JT, Jones, BD. Interactions of the invasive pathogens Salmonella typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes, and Shigella flexneri with M cells and murine Peyer's patches. Infection and Imunity 1998; 66: 3758–3766.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
30. Vasilev, V, et al. Variability of Shigella flexneri serotypes in Israel during a period of two years: 2000 and 2001. Epidemiology and Infection 2004; 132: 51–56.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
31. Charpentier, E, Courvalin, P. Antibiotic resistance in Listeria spp. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 1999; 43: 2103–2108.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
32. Swaminathan, B, Getrner-Smidt, P. The epidemiology of human listeriosis. Microbes and Infection 2007; 9: 1236–1243.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
33. de Valk, H, et al. Surveillance of listeria infections in Europe. Eurosurveillance 2005; 10: 251–255.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Figure 0

Table 1. Serovar distribution of L. monocytogenes isolates in the host groups

Figure 1

Fig. 1. Estimated annual morbidity (per one million).