We thank Mark Seeman, Larry Morris, and Garry Summers for their comment (Seeman et al. Reference Seeman, Morris and Summers2021). However, we are disappointed that their portrayal of our report was not in accordance with our content or intentions. Our arguments are fully presented in two articles presenting multiple lines of evidence that Welling is an outcrop-related base camp (Diez-Martin et al. Reference Diez-Martin, Buchanan, Norris and Eren2021; Miller et al. Reference Miller, Bebber, Rutkoski, Haythorn, Boulanger, Buchanan, Bush, Lovejoy and Eren2019). An accurate understanding of our arguments—and even their own previous published work (Seeman et al. Reference Seeman, Summers, Dowd, Morris and Dancey1994)—cannot be deduced from their comment, and we therefore strongly encourage readers to consult relevant literature on Welling and its interpretation (Diez-Martin et al. Reference Diez-Martin, Buchanan, Norris and Eren2021; Gardner Reference Gardner1977, Reference Gardner1983; Lepper Reference Lepper1986, Reference Lepper, Bonnichsen and Turnmire2005a, Reference Lepper2005b; Miller et al. Reference Miller, Bebber, Rutkoski, Haythorn, Boulanger, Buchanan, Bush, Lovejoy and Eren2019; Prufer and Wright Reference Prufer and Wright1970; Seeman et al. Reference Seeman, Summers, Dowd, Morris and Dancey1994). Here, we call attention to Seeman and colleagues’ (Reference Seeman, Morris and Summers2021) misrepresentations of our argument and set the record straight.
First, Seeman and colleagues (Reference Seeman, Morris and Summers2021) report that we call Welling a “collector-like base camp.” To the contrary, we state that Welling is an “outcrop-related base camp” within a “collector-like mobility strategy” (Diez-Martin et al. Reference Diez-Martin, Buchanan, Norris and Eren2021:186). Indeed, we use the term “outcrop-related base camp” 33 times in our two cited articles. As Miller and colleagues (Reference Miller, Bebber, Rutkoski, Haythorn, Boulanger, Buchanan, Bush, Lovejoy and Eren2019) make clear, Gardner's (Reference Gardner1977) definition of an “outcrop-related base camp” differs from Seeman and colleagues’ (Reference Seeman, Morris and Summers2021, citing Binford Reference Binford, Lewis1980) definition of a “collector-like base camp.” Our terminology therefore contains no Binfordian connotations associated with collector base camps, but it still emphasizes Clovis logistic mobility that characterizes a “collector-like mobility strategy” (Diez-Martin et al. Reference Diez-Martin, Buchanan, Norris and Eren2021; Miller et al. Reference Miller, Bebber, Rutkoski, Haythorn, Boulanger, Buchanan, Bush, Lovejoy and Eren2019:67). Perhaps Seeman and colleagues (Reference Seeman, Morris and Summers2021) misread our work, or they assume that only Binford's terms and concepts are valid for archaeological explanation.
Second, Seeman and colleagues (Reference Seeman, Morris and Summers2021) misrepresent their own (Reference Seeman, Summers, Dowd, Morris and Dancey1994) interpretation of Welling's Clovis occupation. They state that they refer to the site as a “quarry-related, manufacturing camp” (Reference Seeman, Summers, Dowd, Morris and Dancey1994:83) although elsewhere they refer to it as a “workshop” (Seeman et al. Reference Seeman, Summers, Dowd, Morris and Dancey1994:79, 81). Although it is true that they employ the term “quarry-related, manufacturing camp” (Seeman et al. Reference Seeman, Summers, Dowd, Morris and Dancey1994), they nevertheless fail to relate it to their definition of one, which is as follows. They state that “bands or task groups came to the Welling site from elsewhere mainly to retool” (Reference Seeman, Summers, Dowd, Morris and Dancey1994:81; emphasis added). Nowhere do Seeman and colleagues (Reference Seeman, Summers, Dowd, Morris and Dancey1994) state that “ancillary activities” occurred at Welling, as Seeman and colleagues (Reference Seeman, Morris and Summers2021) now allege. Moreover, Seeman and colleagues (Reference Seeman, Summers, Dowd, Morris and Dancey1994) directly contrasted Welling with Nobles Pond, a multiple-activity area base camp, and then concluded that “a comparison of the finished to unfinished fluted bifaces at the three sites [Welling, Nobles Pond, and Sandy Springs] makes clear the distinctive nature of the Welling site as a workshop” (Seeman et al. Reference Seeman, Summers, Dowd, Morris and Dancey1994:81; emphasis added). As both Miller and others (Reference Miller, Bebber, Rutkoski, Haythorn, Boulanger, Buchanan, Bush, Lovejoy and Eren2019) and Diez-Martin and others (Reference Diez-Martin, Buchanan, Norris and Eren2021) explain, this is precisely why Seeman and colleagues’ (Reference Seeman, Summers, Dowd, Morris and Dancey1994) published interpretation of Welling as a lithic “workshop” differs categorically from Lepper's (Reference Lepper1986, Reference Lepper, Bonnichsen and Turnmire2005a, Reference Lepper2005b), who interpreted the site more along the lines of Gardner's (Reference Gardner1977) “outcrop-related base camp.” Among several differences between these two types of sites—lithic workshop and outcrop-related base camp—is their role in the overall settlement and mobility system. The outcrop-related base camp serves as a hub or core; the lithic workshop is located at the end of a spoke radiating out from this nucleus (Diez-Martin et al. Reference Diez-Martin, Buchanan, Norris and Eren2021; Eren et al. Reference Eren, Buchanan and O'Brien2015, Reference Eren, Logan Miller, Buchanan, Boulanger, Bebber, Redmond, Coates, Boser, Sponseller and Slicker2019; Lepper Reference Lepper1986, Reference Lepper, Bonnichsen and Turnmire2005a, Reference Lepper2005b; Meltzer Reference Meltzer2009, Reference Meltzer2021; Miller et al. Reference Miller, Bebber, Rutkoski, Haythorn, Boulanger, Buchanan, Bush, Lovejoy and Eren2019; Sholts et al. Reference Sholts, Stanford, Flores and Wärmländer2012; Waters et al. Reference Waters, Pevny and Carlson2011).
Moreover, Miller and colleagues’ (Reference Miller, Bebber, Rutkoski, Haythorn, Boulanger, Buchanan, Bush, Lovejoy and Eren2019) microwear study and Diez-Martin and colleagues’ (Reference Diez-Martin, Buchanan, Norris and Eren2021) experimental study specifically tested these contrasting hypotheses of Seeman and colleagues (Reference Seeman, Summers, Dowd, Morris and Dancey1994) and Lepper (Reference Lepper1986, Reference Lepper, Bonnichsen and Turnmire2005a, Reference Lepper2005b), and not our own “new reinterpretation” as Seeman and colleagues (Reference Seeman, Morris and Summers2021) claim (i.e., we did not erect their work as a “straw man” to bolster our own hypothesis). Instead, our intent was to evaluate two mutually exclusive hypotheses to determine which was most consistent with available evidence.
Third, Seeman and colleagues (Reference Seeman, Morris and Summers2021) state that only 24% of the fluted bifaces from Welling were finished products and that we failed to discuss this fact. This is true. Nowhere did we state that more than 24% of the fluted bifaces were finished products. Instead, we stated that “an observational study by Seeman and others (Reference Seeman, Summers, Dowd, Morris and Dancey1994:81) suggested to them that over 75% of the fluted points at Welling were broken during manufacture” (Miller et al. Reference Miller, Bebber, Rutkoski, Haythorn, Boulanger, Buchanan, Bush, Lovejoy and Eren2019). We somewhat naively assumed that readers would understand that if more than 75% of bifaces were broken during manufacture, then the remaining approximately 25% did not suffer that fate and therefore were finished products. Returning to our previous reference to Gardner's work, he states that one of the criteria for an “outcrop-related base camp” is “numerous discarded and broken bifaces from middle to final form reduction stages and few completed projectile points” (Gardner Reference Gardner1977:49). We appreciated this opportunity to point to this additional evidence, which is consistent with the interpretation of Welling as an outcrop-related base camp.
Fourth, Seeman and colleagues (Reference Seeman, Morris and Summers2021) make statements that appear to contravene the interpretation of Welling as an outcrop-related base camp but in fact do not. For example, they state that “micro-worn tools used elsewhere on the landscape may be shed at manufacturing camps [i.e., lithic workshops] where the replacement of entire toolkits has been planned in advance” (865). But micro-worn tools used elsewhere on the landscape may also be shed at outcrop-related base camps as well. Seeman and colleagues (Reference Seeman, Morris and Summers2021) also state that “place is often the best predictor of site functionality,” and given that high-quality flint is nearby, Welling is likely a lithic workshop. But by definition, an outcrop-related base camp must be located at a place with flint nearby.
Fifth, Seeman and colleagues (Reference Seeman, Morris and Summers2021) state that the conclusion of Diez-Martin and others (Reference Diez-Martin, Buchanan, Norris and Eren2021) “shows only two results” (emphasis added). This is correct. To distinguish between two alternative hypotheses, we created an experimental model for comparison with the archaeological record, and from which clear predictions could be made about mean flake size and flake size variability to test each hypothesis. Seeman and colleagues (Reference Seeman, Morris and Summers2021) state that our predictions are “counterintuitive.” Why? They do not explain. We, however, explained why our scientific predictions and results discriminated between Seeman and colleagues’ (Reference Seeman, Summers, Dowd, Morris and Dancey1994) and Lepper's (Reference Lepper1986, Reference Lepper, Bonnichsen and Turnmire2005a, Reference Lepper2005b) different interpretations, and we provided an extended discussion of future tests, experimental variables, caveats, and the like so that our current results could be either further supported or questioned.
Sixth, Seeman and colleagues (Reference Seeman, Morris and Summers2021) suggest that the experimental bifaces from which we derived our experimental model were “simply too small,” a “prospect we do not consider.” This is simply untrue. Diez-Martin and colleagues write,
A fourth possible reason that the Welling and experimental assemblages were significantly different could be a result of core size and shape. Larger core sizes, or different core shapes, may yield different bifacial flake debitage size distributions. Here, we were intentionally explicit and specific in what we tested in that our experimental core sizes were based on what is actually present in the archaeological record at Welling. Although it is a good starting point, a greater variety of core sizes and shapes can be, and should be, examined in the future [Reference Diez-Martin, Buchanan, Norris and Eren2021:192].
To conclude, it is worth noting, as both Gardner (Reference Gardner1977) and Miller and others (Reference Miller, Bebber, Rutkoski, Haythorn, Boulanger, Buchanan, Bush, Lovejoy and Eren2019) point out, that although site types serve a heuristic purpose, the reality of archaeological sites can be less apparent. We must therefore examine multiple lines of evidence and assess where their preponderance lies. Currently, our two structured, hypothesis-constructed studies (Diez-Martin et al. Reference Diez-Martin, Buchanan, Norris and Eren2021; Miller et al. Reference Miller, Bebber, Rutkoski, Haythorn, Boulanger, Buchanan, Bush, Lovejoy and Eren2019) favor an interpretation of Welling as an outcrop-related base camp, where people lived, manufactured tools, left and returned to again and again, gathered together, feasted, played, shared stories, and mourned lost friends (Lepper Reference Lepper2005b)—rather than a lithic workshop where people “came from elsewhere mainly to retool” (Seeman et al. Reference Seeman, Summers, Dowd, Morris and Dancey1994). But although the current preponderance of evidence points to Welling being an outcrop-related base camp, we acknowledge that not all future field-based or collections-based research may support that interpretation. We encourage others to formally construct and test hypotheses about Welling, and not merely maintain existing ones for which evidence is found to be lacking.
Open access
We thank Mark Seeman, Larry Morris, and Garry Summers for their comment (Seeman et al. Reference Seeman, Morris and Summers2021). However, we are disappointed that their portrayal of our report was not in accordance with our content or intentions. Our arguments are fully presented in two articles presenting multiple lines of evidence that Welling is an outcrop-related base camp (Diez-Martin et al. Reference Diez-Martin, Buchanan, Norris and Eren2021; Miller et al. Reference Miller, Bebber, Rutkoski, Haythorn, Boulanger, Buchanan, Bush, Lovejoy and Eren2019). An accurate understanding of our arguments—and even their own previous published work (Seeman et al. Reference Seeman, Summers, Dowd, Morris and Dancey1994)—cannot be deduced from their comment, and we therefore strongly encourage readers to consult relevant literature on Welling and its interpretation (Diez-Martin et al. Reference Diez-Martin, Buchanan, Norris and Eren2021; Gardner Reference Gardner1977, Reference Gardner1983; Lepper Reference Lepper1986, Reference Lepper, Bonnichsen and Turnmire2005a, Reference Lepper2005b; Miller et al. Reference Miller, Bebber, Rutkoski, Haythorn, Boulanger, Buchanan, Bush, Lovejoy and Eren2019; Prufer and Wright Reference Prufer and Wright1970; Seeman et al. Reference Seeman, Summers, Dowd, Morris and Dancey1994). Here, we call attention to Seeman and colleagues’ (Reference Seeman, Morris and Summers2021) misrepresentations of our argument and set the record straight.
First, Seeman and colleagues (Reference Seeman, Morris and Summers2021) report that we call Welling a “collector-like base camp.” To the contrary, we state that Welling is an “outcrop-related base camp” within a “collector-like mobility strategy” (Diez-Martin et al. Reference Diez-Martin, Buchanan, Norris and Eren2021:186). Indeed, we use the term “outcrop-related base camp” 33 times in our two cited articles. As Miller and colleagues (Reference Miller, Bebber, Rutkoski, Haythorn, Boulanger, Buchanan, Bush, Lovejoy and Eren2019) make clear, Gardner's (Reference Gardner1977) definition of an “outcrop-related base camp” differs from Seeman and colleagues’ (Reference Seeman, Morris and Summers2021, citing Binford Reference Binford, Lewis1980) definition of a “collector-like base camp.” Our terminology therefore contains no Binfordian connotations associated with collector base camps, but it still emphasizes Clovis logistic mobility that characterizes a “collector-like mobility strategy” (Diez-Martin et al. Reference Diez-Martin, Buchanan, Norris and Eren2021; Miller et al. Reference Miller, Bebber, Rutkoski, Haythorn, Boulanger, Buchanan, Bush, Lovejoy and Eren2019:67). Perhaps Seeman and colleagues (Reference Seeman, Morris and Summers2021) misread our work, or they assume that only Binford's terms and concepts are valid for archaeological explanation.
Second, Seeman and colleagues (Reference Seeman, Morris and Summers2021) misrepresent their own (Reference Seeman, Summers, Dowd, Morris and Dancey1994) interpretation of Welling's Clovis occupation. They state that they refer to the site as a “quarry-related, manufacturing camp” (Reference Seeman, Summers, Dowd, Morris and Dancey1994:83) although elsewhere they refer to it as a “workshop” (Seeman et al. Reference Seeman, Summers, Dowd, Morris and Dancey1994:79, 81). Although it is true that they employ the term “quarry-related, manufacturing camp” (Seeman et al. Reference Seeman, Summers, Dowd, Morris and Dancey1994), they nevertheless fail to relate it to their definition of one, which is as follows. They state that “bands or task groups came to the Welling site from elsewhere mainly to retool” (Reference Seeman, Summers, Dowd, Morris and Dancey1994:81; emphasis added). Nowhere do Seeman and colleagues (Reference Seeman, Summers, Dowd, Morris and Dancey1994) state that “ancillary activities” occurred at Welling, as Seeman and colleagues (Reference Seeman, Morris and Summers2021) now allege. Moreover, Seeman and colleagues (Reference Seeman, Summers, Dowd, Morris and Dancey1994) directly contrasted Welling with Nobles Pond, a multiple-activity area base camp, and then concluded that “a comparison of the finished to unfinished fluted bifaces at the three sites [Welling, Nobles Pond, and Sandy Springs] makes clear the distinctive nature of the Welling site as a workshop” (Seeman et al. Reference Seeman, Summers, Dowd, Morris and Dancey1994:81; emphasis added). As both Miller and others (Reference Miller, Bebber, Rutkoski, Haythorn, Boulanger, Buchanan, Bush, Lovejoy and Eren2019) and Diez-Martin and others (Reference Diez-Martin, Buchanan, Norris and Eren2021) explain, this is precisely why Seeman and colleagues’ (Reference Seeman, Summers, Dowd, Morris and Dancey1994) published interpretation of Welling as a lithic “workshop” differs categorically from Lepper's (Reference Lepper1986, Reference Lepper, Bonnichsen and Turnmire2005a, Reference Lepper2005b), who interpreted the site more along the lines of Gardner's (Reference Gardner1977) “outcrop-related base camp.” Among several differences between these two types of sites—lithic workshop and outcrop-related base camp—is their role in the overall settlement and mobility system. The outcrop-related base camp serves as a hub or core; the lithic workshop is located at the end of a spoke radiating out from this nucleus (Diez-Martin et al. Reference Diez-Martin, Buchanan, Norris and Eren2021; Eren et al. Reference Eren, Buchanan and O'Brien2015, Reference Eren, Logan Miller, Buchanan, Boulanger, Bebber, Redmond, Coates, Boser, Sponseller and Slicker2019; Lepper Reference Lepper1986, Reference Lepper, Bonnichsen and Turnmire2005a, Reference Lepper2005b; Meltzer Reference Meltzer2009, Reference Meltzer2021; Miller et al. Reference Miller, Bebber, Rutkoski, Haythorn, Boulanger, Buchanan, Bush, Lovejoy and Eren2019; Sholts et al. Reference Sholts, Stanford, Flores and Wärmländer2012; Waters et al. Reference Waters, Pevny and Carlson2011).
Moreover, Miller and colleagues’ (Reference Miller, Bebber, Rutkoski, Haythorn, Boulanger, Buchanan, Bush, Lovejoy and Eren2019) microwear study and Diez-Martin and colleagues’ (Reference Diez-Martin, Buchanan, Norris and Eren2021) experimental study specifically tested these contrasting hypotheses of Seeman and colleagues (Reference Seeman, Summers, Dowd, Morris and Dancey1994) and Lepper (Reference Lepper1986, Reference Lepper, Bonnichsen and Turnmire2005a, Reference Lepper2005b), and not our own “new reinterpretation” as Seeman and colleagues (Reference Seeman, Morris and Summers2021) claim (i.e., we did not erect their work as a “straw man” to bolster our own hypothesis). Instead, our intent was to evaluate two mutually exclusive hypotheses to determine which was most consistent with available evidence.
Third, Seeman and colleagues (Reference Seeman, Morris and Summers2021) state that only 24% of the fluted bifaces from Welling were finished products and that we failed to discuss this fact. This is true. Nowhere did we state that more than 24% of the fluted bifaces were finished products. Instead, we stated that “an observational study by Seeman and others (Reference Seeman, Summers, Dowd, Morris and Dancey1994:81) suggested to them that over 75% of the fluted points at Welling were broken during manufacture” (Miller et al. Reference Miller, Bebber, Rutkoski, Haythorn, Boulanger, Buchanan, Bush, Lovejoy and Eren2019). We somewhat naively assumed that readers would understand that if more than 75% of bifaces were broken during manufacture, then the remaining approximately 25% did not suffer that fate and therefore were finished products. Returning to our previous reference to Gardner's work, he states that one of the criteria for an “outcrop-related base camp” is “numerous discarded and broken bifaces from middle to final form reduction stages and few completed projectile points” (Gardner Reference Gardner1977:49). We appreciated this opportunity to point to this additional evidence, which is consistent with the interpretation of Welling as an outcrop-related base camp.
Fourth, Seeman and colleagues (Reference Seeman, Morris and Summers2021) make statements that appear to contravene the interpretation of Welling as an outcrop-related base camp but in fact do not. For example, they state that “micro-worn tools used elsewhere on the landscape may be shed at manufacturing camps [i.e., lithic workshops] where the replacement of entire toolkits has been planned in advance” (865). But micro-worn tools used elsewhere on the landscape may also be shed at outcrop-related base camps as well. Seeman and colleagues (Reference Seeman, Morris and Summers2021) also state that “place is often the best predictor of site functionality,” and given that high-quality flint is nearby, Welling is likely a lithic workshop. But by definition, an outcrop-related base camp must be located at a place with flint nearby.
Fifth, Seeman and colleagues (Reference Seeman, Morris and Summers2021) state that the conclusion of Diez-Martin and others (Reference Diez-Martin, Buchanan, Norris and Eren2021) “shows only two results” (emphasis added). This is correct. To distinguish between two alternative hypotheses, we created an experimental model for comparison with the archaeological record, and from which clear predictions could be made about mean flake size and flake size variability to test each hypothesis. Seeman and colleagues (Reference Seeman, Morris and Summers2021) state that our predictions are “counterintuitive.” Why? They do not explain. We, however, explained why our scientific predictions and results discriminated between Seeman and colleagues’ (Reference Seeman, Summers, Dowd, Morris and Dancey1994) and Lepper's (Reference Lepper1986, Reference Lepper, Bonnichsen and Turnmire2005a, Reference Lepper2005b) different interpretations, and we provided an extended discussion of future tests, experimental variables, caveats, and the like so that our current results could be either further supported or questioned.
Sixth, Seeman and colleagues (Reference Seeman, Morris and Summers2021) suggest that the experimental bifaces from which we derived our experimental model were “simply too small,” a “prospect we do not consider.” This is simply untrue. Diez-Martin and colleagues write,
A fourth possible reason that the Welling and experimental assemblages were significantly different could be a result of core size and shape. Larger core sizes, or different core shapes, may yield different bifacial flake debitage size distributions. Here, we were intentionally explicit and specific in what we tested in that our experimental core sizes were based on what is actually present in the archaeological record at Welling. Although it is a good starting point, a greater variety of core sizes and shapes can be, and should be, examined in the future [Reference Diez-Martin, Buchanan, Norris and Eren2021:192].
To conclude, it is worth noting, as both Gardner (Reference Gardner1977) and Miller and others (Reference Miller, Bebber, Rutkoski, Haythorn, Boulanger, Buchanan, Bush, Lovejoy and Eren2019) point out, that although site types serve a heuristic purpose, the reality of archaeological sites can be less apparent. We must therefore examine multiple lines of evidence and assess where their preponderance lies. Currently, our two structured, hypothesis-constructed studies (Diez-Martin et al. Reference Diez-Martin, Buchanan, Norris and Eren2021; Miller et al. Reference Miller, Bebber, Rutkoski, Haythorn, Boulanger, Buchanan, Bush, Lovejoy and Eren2019) favor an interpretation of Welling as an outcrop-related base camp, where people lived, manufactured tools, left and returned to again and again, gathered together, feasted, played, shared stories, and mourned lost friends (Lepper Reference Lepper2005b)—rather than a lithic workshop where people “came from elsewhere mainly to retool” (Seeman et al. Reference Seeman, Summers, Dowd, Morris and Dancey1994). But although the current preponderance of evidence points to Welling being an outcrop-related base camp, we acknowledge that not all future field-based or collections-based research may support that interpretation. We encourage others to formally construct and test hypotheses about Welling, and not merely maintain existing ones for which evidence is found to be lacking.
Acknowledgments
We are very appreciative to American Antiquity editor Debra Martin for reaching out to us, and for her assistance and support while we wrote this response. We are also grateful to our Kent State Anthropology Chair Mary Ann Raghanti, who read an early draft of this manuscript, and the rest of the current Kent State Anthropology Department faculty for their unwavering support and enthusiasm for our research. This research was supported by the Kent State University College of Arts and Sciences as well as the Robert J. and Lauren E. Patten Endowment, which will support archaeological research at Kent State in perpetuity.
Data Availability Statement
No original data were used.