Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-gtxcr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T01:01:54.172Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Virus Paradigm

A Planetary Ecology of the Mind

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 January 2021

Roberto Marchesini
Affiliation:
Center for the Study of Posthumanist Philosophy

Summary

In recent years, the word 'virus' has lost its biological perimeter of reference to acquire a much broader – could say 'paradigmatic' – meaning. The term 'virus' can be seen as a key word or an explanatory model also for processes that go beyond the infectious sphere. Every event appears to have a viral character: from the way information is transmitted to the processes of cultural globalization, from the impact of human beings on the planet to the subversion of ecosystems, from pandemic risks to the demographic increase on the planet. This seems to be indeed the Age of the Virus. Its model can be applied to most of the phenomena that characterize the twenty-first. Its profile – its looming and invisible nature, its ability to use other people's resources to spread and to transform into a dangerous doppelganger – is perfect to represent the fears of the contemporary age.
Get access
Type
Element
Information
Online ISBN: 9781108966160
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication: 18 February 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Bibliography

Adams, Carol (2015). The Sexual Politics of Meat. London: Bloomsbury Academic.Google Scholar
Afifi, Tamer et al. (2018). “Wired: The Impact of Media and Technology Use on Stress (Cortisol) and Inflammation (interleukin Il- 6) in Fast Paced Families”. Computers in Human Behaviour, 81: 265273.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Agamben, Giorgio (2020). “Sul vero e sul falso”. Online column by Giorgio Agamben. Quodlibet. https://www.quodlibet.it/giorgio-agamben-sul-vero-e-sul-falso.Google Scholar
Alfano Miglietti, Francesca (2008). Identità mutanti, dalla piega alla piaga. Milano: Bruno Mondadori.Google Scholar
Andreoli, Bruno & Montanari, Massimo (1995). Il bosco nel Medioevo, Bologna: Clueb.Google Scholar
Applebaum, Anne (2020). “Le epidemie favoriscono i governi autoritari”. Internazionale, 4. https://www.internazionale.it/opinione/anne-applebaum/2020/03/28/epidemie-governi-autoritari?.Google Scholar
Armstrong, Edward A. (1942). Bird Display and Behaviour. An Introduction to the Study of Bird Psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Augé, Marc (1999). Disneyland e altri nonluoghi. Torino: Bollati Boringhieri.Google Scholar
Bachelard, Gaston (1934). Le nouvel esprit scientifique. Paris: Les Presses Universitaires de France.Google Scholar
Bateson, Patrick (2017). Behaviour, Development and Evolution. Cambridge: Open Book Publishers.Google Scholar
Bauerfeind, Rolf, et al. (2016). Zoonoses, Infectious Disease Transmissible from Animals to Human. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology.Google Scholar
Bauman, Zygmunt (2000). Liquid Modernity. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Ben-Barak, Idan (2008). Small Wonders. How Microbes Rule Our World. Carlton North, Australia: Scribe Publication.Google Scholar
Bethke, Bruce (1980). “Cyberpunk”, Amazing Science Fiction Stories, 57, 4.Google Scholar
Bonneuil, Christophe & Fressoz, Jean-Baptiste (2013). L’événement Anthropocène: La terre, l’histoire et nous. Paris: Editions du Seuil.Google Scholar
Bostrom, Nick (2014). Superintelligence. Paths, Dangers, Strategies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bozzi, Paolo (1999). Fisica ingenua. Studi di Psicologia della Percezione. Milano: Garzanti.Google Scholar
Bradbury, Ray (2013). Fahrenheit 451. London: HarperCollins.Google Scholar
Braidotti, Rosi (2019). Posthuman Knowledge. Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar
Brainard, George, Hanifin, John, Greeson, Jeffrey et al. (2001). “Action Spectrum for Melatonin Regulation in Humans: Evidence for a Novel Circadian Photoreceptor”. The Journal Of Neuroscience, 21, 16: 64056412.Google Scholar
Brentano, Franz (1874–1911). Psychologie vom empirischen Standpunkt, Hamburg: Felix Meiner Verlag.Google Scholar
Brooks, Samantha K., Webster, Rebecca K. , Smith, Louise E. , et al. (2020). “The Psychological Impact of Quarantine and How to Reduce It: Rapid Review of the Evidence”. Lancet, 395: 912920.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buffetaut, Eric (1993). Grandi estinzioni e crisi biologiche. Milano: Jaca Book.Google Scholar
Bussolini, Jeffrey, Buchanan, Brett & Chrulew, Matthew (2018). The Philosophical Ethology of Roberto Marchesini, London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Butler, Judith (2016). Precarious Life. London: Verso Books.Google Scholar
Butler, Judith (2020b). The Force of Non-violence. London: Verso Books.Google Scholar
Butler, Judith (30 March 2020a). “Capitalism Has its Limits”. Verso Blog. https://www.versobooks.com/blogs/4603-capitalism-has-its-limitsGoogle Scholar
Byung-Chul, Han (2015). The Burnout Society, Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Caffo, Leonardo (2020). Dopo il Covid-19, punti per una discussione. Roma: Nottetempo.Google Scholar
Campbell, Neil A., Reece, Jane B. & Simon, Eric J. (2007). Essential Biology. Harlow: Pearson.Google Scholar
Carroll, Sean B. (2006). Endless Forms Most Beautiful. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.Google Scholar
Carson, Rachel (1962). Silent Spring. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
Cassandro, Daniele (2020). “Siamo in guerra! Il coronavirus e le sue metafore”, Internazionale, 3. https://www.internazionale.it/opinione/daniele-cassandro/2020/03/22/coronavirus-metafore-guerra.Google Scholar
Ceruti, Mauro (2018). Il tempo della complessità, Milano: Raffaello Cortina.Google Scholar
Cignini, Bruno (2019). Animali in città. Roma: Lapis Edizioni.Google Scholar
Ciuffoletti, Zeffiro (1993). Retorica del complotto. Milano: Il Saggiatore.Google Scholar
Crick, Francis (1970). “Central Dogma of Molecular Biology”. Nature, 227: 561563.Google Scholar
Dawkins, Richard (1976). The Selfish Gene. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
de Kerckhove, Derrick (1991). Brainframes: Technology, Mind and Business. Utrecht: Bosch & Keuning.Google Scholar
Dehaene, Stanislas (2019). How We Learn, Why Brain Learn Better than Any Machine. New York: Viking.Google Scholar
Deleuze, Gilles & Guattari, Felix (1978–1980). “Bodies Without Organs”. In Anti-Oedipus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Demichelis, Lelio (2018). La grande alienazione: Narciso, Pigmalione, Prometeo e il tecno-capitalismo. Milano: Jaca book.Google Scholar
Dennett, Daniel (2003). Freedom Evolves. New York: Viking Press.Google Scholar
Dennett, Daniel (2004). Darwin’s Dangerous Idea: Evolution and the Meaning of Life. New York: Simon & Schuster.Google Scholar
Derrida, Jacques (2008). The Animal That Therefore I Am. New York: Fordham University Press.Google Scholar
Di Mauro, Ernesto (2017). Epigenetica il DNA che impara. Istruzioni per l’uso del patrimonio genetico. Trieste: Asterios.Google Scholar
Diamond, Jared (1997). Guns, Germs and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.Google Scholar
Doucleff, Michaeleen (2018). Are there zombie viruses in the thawing permafrost. NPR, 1. https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/01/24/575974220/are-there-zombie-viruses-in-the-thawing-permafrost#Google Scholar
Douglas, Mary (2002). Purity and Danger. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Doyle, R. (1996). Wetwares: Experiments in Postvital Living. London: ShoreBooks.Google Scholar
Dozois, Gardner (1984). “Science Fiction in the Eighties”, Washington Post. December 30.Google Scholar
Drexler, Eric (1986). Engines of Creation. New York: Doubleday.Google Scholar
Drlica, Karl & Perlin, David S. (2011). Antibiotic Resistance, Understanding and Responding to an Emerging Crisis. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education Inc.Google Scholar
Eco, Umberto (2016). Il superuomo di massa. Retorica ed ideologia del romanzo popolare. Milano: La nave di Teseo.Google Scholar
Ehrlich, Paul R. (1995). The Population Bomb. New York: Buccaneer Books.Google Scholar
Ellis, Erle C. (2018). Anthropocene: A Very Short Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Emerson, Ralph W. (1836). Nature. Boston: James Munroe and Company.Google Scholar
Esposito, Roberto (2011). Immunitas: The Protection and Negation of Life. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Ferrando, Francesca (2019). Philosophical Posthumanism. New York: Bloomsbury Academic.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foucault, Michel (1961). Folie et déraison. Histoire de la folie à l’age classique. Paris: Plon.Google Scholar
Fry, Iris (2000). The Emergence of Life on Earth. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Gehlen, Arnold (1940). Der Mensch. Seine Natur und seine Stellung in der Welt. (Translated McMillan, Clare and Pillmer, Karl (1987). Man: His Nature and Place in the World. New York: Columbia University Press).Google Scholar
Gibson, William (1982). “Burning Chrome”, Omni, July.Google Scholar
Gould, Stephen J. (1989). Wonderful Life: The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History. New York: Norton & Company.Google Scholar
Gould, Stephen J. (1991). Bully for Brontosaurus, Reflections in Natural History. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.Google Scholar
Gourhan, André Leroi (1945). L’Homme et la matière. Paris: Éditions Albin Michel.Google Scholar
Grant, Sara & Olsen, Christopher W. (1999). “Preventing Zoonotic Diseases in Immunocompromised Person: The Role of Physicians and Veterinarians”. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 5: 159163.Google Scholar
Greenfield, Susan (2015). Mind Change – How Digital Technology Is Living Their Mark On Our Brains. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Griffin, Donald (1976). The Question of Animal Awareness. New York: The Rockefeller University Press.Google Scholar
Guerci, Antonio (2007). Dall’antropologia all’antropopoiesi: breve saggio sulle rappresentazioni e costruzioni della variabilità umana. Milano: Cristina Lucisano Editore.Google Scholar
Hamerschlag, Kari and EWG Senior Analyst (2011). Environmental Working Group. What You Eat Matters. www.ewg.org/meateatersguide.Google Scholar
Haraway, Donna J. (2016). Staying with the Trouble, Making Kin in Chthulucene. Durham: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Hardin, Garrett (1974). “Lifeboat Ethics: the Case against Helping the Poor”. Psychology Today, 8, 3843Google Scholar
Haughton, Ciaran, Aiken, Mary & Cheevers, Carly (2015). “Cyber Babies: the Impact of Emerging Technology on the Developing Infant”. Psychology Research, 5: 504518.Google Scholar
Heidegger, Martin (1992). The Fundamental Concepts of Metaphysics, World, Finitude, Solitude. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Higuchi, Susumu et al. (2014). “Influence of Light at Night on Melatonin Suppression in Children”. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 99, 9: 32983303.Google Scholar
Houghton, John (2015). Global Warming, The Complete Briefing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hurst, Christon J. (2000). Viral Ecology. Cambridge: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Hutchinson, George E. (1965). The Ecological Theatre and the Evolutionary Play. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Ikemoto, Satoshi & Panksepp, Jaak. (1999), “The Role Of Nucleus Accumbens Dopamine In Motivated Behavior: A Unifying Interpretation With Special Reference To Rewards Seeking”. Brain Research BR Reviews, 31: 641.Google Scholar
Illich, Ivan (1982). Medical Nemesis: The Expropriation of Health, New York: Pantheon.Google Scholar
Imeson, Anton (2012). Desertification, Land Degradation and Sustainability. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Iovino, Serenella, Marchesini, Roberto & Adorni, Eleonora (2016). “Past the Human: Narrative, Ontologies and Ontological Stories”. Relations, 4.1.Google Scholar
IPCC Report (2019). Global Warming of 1.5°. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/06/SR15_Full_Report_High_Res.pdfGoogle Scholar
Ismail, Ramsey (2018). Not Working, Working from Home: The Work of Hikikomori. San Diego: University of California.Google Scholar
Jacobs, Karen & Baker, Nancy A. (2002). “The Association Between Children’s Computer Use And Musculoskeletal Discomfort”. Work, 18: 221226.Google Scholar
Jonas, Hans (1984). The Imperative of Responsibility: In Search of an Ethics for the Technological Age, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Jones-Dion’s, Nicole (2017). Stasis, United States.Google Scholar
Kimsa, Magdalena C. et al. (2014). “Porcine Endogenous Retroviruses in Xenotransplantation-Molecular Aspects”. Viruses, 6: 20622083.Google Scholar
Kolbert, Elizabeth (2014). The Sixth Extinction, an Unnatural History. New York: Henry Holt & C.Google Scholar
Kon, Kateryna & Rai, Mahendra (2016). Antibiotic Resistance, Mechanism and New Antimicrobial Approaches. San Diego: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Laland, Kevin, Blake, Matthews & Feldman, Marcus W. (2016). “An Introduction to Niche Construction Theory”. Evolutionary Ecology, 30: 191202.Google Scholar
Lanternari, Vittorio (2003). Ecoantropologia, dall’ingerenza ecologica alla svolta etico culturale. Bari: Dedalo.Google Scholar
Làzlò, Ervin (2006). The Chaos Point: The World at the Crossroads. New York: Hampton Press.Google Scholar
Le Moli, Andrea (2020). “Pandemia e vita animale”. Il rasoio di Occam. Micromega, 4. http://ilrasoiodioccam-micromega.blogautore.espresso.repubblica.it/2020/04/03/pandemia-e-vita-animaleGoogle Scholar
Levantesi, Stella (9 April 2020). “L’epidemiologo Snowden: ‘Questa pandemia specchio di una globalizzazione letale’”. Il Manifesto. https://ilmanifesto.it/lepidemiologo-snowden-la-pandemia-specchio-di-una-globalizzazione-letale-serve-lassistenza-sanitaria-universale/Google Scholar
Lewis, Simon L. & Maslin, Mark A. (2018). Human Planet, How We Created the Anthropocene. London: Pelican Book.Google Scholar
Libet, Benjamin (2004). Mind Time. The Temporal Factor in Consciousness. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Libet, Benjamin (2012). Neurophysiology of Consciousness. Basel: Birkhäuser.Google Scholar
Loeb, Jacques (1916). The Organism as a Whole: From a Physicochemical Viewpoint. New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons.Google Scholar
Lorenz, Konrad (1978). Behind The Mirror: A Search for a Natural History of Human Knowledge. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
Lovelock, James E. (1979). Gaia. A New Look at Life on Earth. Oxford: Oxford Landmark Science.Google Scholar
Luca, Fabiana, “Borrell all’Europarlamento: ‘Nel mondo post-coronavirus rischi di populismo e derive autoritarie’”. Eunews, 4. https://www.eunews.it/2020/04/20/borrell-europarlamento-nel-mondo-post-coronavirus-rischi-populismo-derive-autoritarie/129206Google Scholar
Lundin, Susanne (2015). Organs for Sale. London: Palgrave McMillian.Google Scholar
Mainardi, Danilo (2016). La città degli animali. Milano: Cairo Editore.Google Scholar
Mallapaty, Smriti (2020). “Animal source of the coronavirus continues to elude scientists”. Nature. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-01449-8Google Scholar
Malmstrom, Carolyn M. (2018). Advances in Virus Research, Environmental Virology and Virus Ecology. Cambridge: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Manca, Maura & Petrone, Loredana (2014). La rete e il bullismo, il bullismo nella rete, Roma: Alpes Italia.Google Scholar
Marchesini, Roberto (1996). Il concetto di soglia. Roma: Theoria.Google Scholar
Marchesini, Roberto (1996). Oltre il muro, La vera storia di Mucca Pazza, Roma: Franco Muzzio Editore.Google Scholar
Marchesini, Roberto (1998). Animali di città. Como: Red Edizioni.Google Scholar
Marchesini, Roberto (2013), “A Re-examination of Epistemological Paradigms Describing Animal Behavior in 8 Points”. Relations, 1: 6977.Google Scholar
Marchesini, Roberto (2017). Over the Human, Post-humanism and the Concept of Animal Epiphany. Berlin: Springer.Google Scholar
Marchesini, Roberto (2018a). Beyond Anthropocentrism, Thoughts for a Post-Human Philosophy. Udine: Mimesis International.Google Scholar
Marchesini, Roberto (2018b). Tecnosfera, Roma: Castelvecchi.Google Scholar
Marchesini, Roberto (2020). Essere un corpo, Modena: Stem Mucchi Editore.Google Scholar
Margulis, Lynn (1999). Symbiotic Planet: A New Look at Evolution, New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Mason, Jim (2005). An Unnatural Order, The Roots of Our Destruction of Nature. New York: Lantern Books.Google Scholar
Mayr, Ernst (1982). The Growth of Biological Thought. Cambridge, USA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Mazzino, Francesca & Ghersi, Adriana (2003). Per un atlante dei paesaggi italiani. Firenze: Alinea editrice.Google Scholar
McConnachie, James & Tudge, Robin (2005). The Rough Guide to Conspiracy Theories. London: Rough Guide.Google Scholar
McLuhan, Marshall (1964). Understanding Media: The Extension of Man. New York: McGraw Hill.Google Scholar
McQuivey, James (2013). Digital Disruption: Unleashing the Next Wave of Innovation, Seattle: Amazon Publishing.Google Scholar
Menachery, Vineet D. et al. (2015). “A SARS-like Cluster of Circulating Bata Coronaviruses Shows Potential for Human Emergence”. Nature Medicine, 21: 15081513.Google Scholar
Merleau-Ponty, Maurice (2013). Phenomenology of Perception. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Midgley, Mary B. (1978). Beast and Man: The Roots of Human Nature. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Monod, Jacques (1970). Le hasard et la nécessité. Paris: Le Seuil.Google Scholar
Moore, Jason W. (2014). “The End of Cheap Nature. Or How I Learned to Stop Worrying about The Environment and Love the Crisis of Capitalism”. In Suter, Christian and Chase-Dunn, Christopher, (eds.), Structures of the World Political Economy and the Future Global Conflict and Cooperation. Berlin: LIT Verlag. pp. 285314.Google Scholar
Moore, Jason W. (ed.) (2016). Anthropocene or Capitalocene, Nature, History and the Crisis of Capitalism. Okland: PM Press.Google Scholar
Morreale, Emiliano (2009). L’invenzione della Nostalgia, Roma: Donzelli.Google Scholar
Nicolis, Gregory & Prigogine, Ilya (1977). Self-Organization in Nonequilibrium System, from Dissipative Structures to Order Through Fluctuations. New York: John Wiley and Sons.Google Scholar
Nikkelen, Sanne W.C. et al. (2014). “Media Use And Adhd-related Behaviors In Children And Adolescents: A Meta-analysis”. Developmental Psychology, 5: 22282241.Google Scholar
O’Farrell, Clare (2020). “Theoretical Puppets: Foucault on the Coronavirus, Biopolitics, and the ‘Apparatus of Security’”. Foucault News. https://michel-foucault.com/2020/04/12/theoretical-puppets-foucault-on-the-coronavirus-biopolitics-and-the-apparatus-of-security-2020/Google Scholar
O’Malley, Maureen A. (2016). “The Ecological Virus”. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, 59: 7179.Google Scholar
Odling-Smee, John F. (1988). “Niche Constructing Phenotypes”. In Plotkin, Henry C. (ed.). The Role of Behaviour in Evolution. Cambridge: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Odum, Eugen P. & Barret, Gary W. (2005). Fundamentals of Ecology. Belmont, CA: Thomson Brooks-Cole.Google Scholar
Passmore, John (1974). Man’s Responsibility for Nature. London: Duckworth.Google Scholar
Paul, Gregory & Cox, Earl (1996). Beyond Humanity: CyberEvolution and Future Minds. Boston: Charles River Media.Google Scholar
Paul, Ian A. (2020a). The Corona Reboot, (www.ianalanpaul.com/the-corona-reboot Accessed November 2, 2020).Google Scholar
Paul, Ian A. (2020b). Ten Premises for a Pandemic, (www.ianalanpaul.com/ten-premises-for-a-pandemic Accessed November 2, 2020).Google Scholar
Pennetta, Anna L. (2019). Bullismo, cyberbullismo e nuove forme di devianza. Torino: Giappichelli Editore.Google Scholar
Perniola, Mario (1994). Il sex appeal dell’inorganico. Torino: Einaudi.Google Scholar
Pfister, Wally (2014). Transcendence, United State.Google Scholar
Piaget, Jean (1997). The Principles of Genetic Epistemology. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
della Mirandola, Pico (1942 [1496]), Oratio de hominis dignitate. Firenze: Vallecchi.Google Scholar
Pievani, Telmo (2019). La Terra dopo di noi. Milano: ContrastoBooks.Google Scholar
Piva, Gianfranco et al. (1999). “Recent Progress in Animal Production Science.” Future Prospects for the Non-Therapeutics use of Antibiotics. Milano: Franco Angeli.Google Scholar
Prigogine, Ilya & Stengers, Isabelle (1979). La Nouvelle alliance, Métamorphose de la science. Paris: Édition Gallimard.Google Scholar
Quammen, David (2012). Spillover, Animal Infections and the Next Human Pandemic. New York: W.W Norton & Company.Google Scholar
Kurzweil, Raymond (2005). The Singularity is Near. New York: Viking.Google Scholar
Renner, Michael (ed.) (2013). Vital Sign, The Trends that are Shaping Our Future. Washington: World Watch Insitute.Google Scholar
Report. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (February 2019). Current Worldwide Annual Meat Consumption.Google Scholar
Ricci, Carla (2008). Hikikomori: adolescenti in volontaria reclusione. Milano: Franco Angeli.Google Scholar
Rifkin, Jeremy (1993). Beyond Beef: The Rise and Fall of the Cattle Culture. London: Plume.Google Scholar
Rivoltella, Pier Cesare & Rossi, Pier Giuseppe (2019), Il corpo e la macchina, Tecnologia, cultura, educazione. Brescia: Scholé.Google Scholar
Sachs, Jeffrey (2011). Common Wealth, Economics for a Crowded Planet, London: Penguin.Google Scholar
Sanchez, Travis (2019). “Wet Markets and Food Safety: TripAdvisor for Improved Global Digital Surveillance”. JMIR Public Health and Surveillance, 5: e11477.Google Scholar
Schaeffer, Jean-Marie (2007). La fin de l’exception humaine. Paris: Gallimard.Google Scholar
Scheper-Hughes, Nancy (2000). “The Global Traffic in Human Organs”. Current Anthropology, 41: 191224.Google Scholar
Schopenhauer, Arthur (1851). Parerga and Paralipomena. Berlin: Druck und Verlag von A. W. Hayn.Google Scholar
Schrödinger, Erwin (1940). What is Life?. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Shantser, V. (1973). The Anthropogenic System. Great Soviet Encyclopedia.Google Scholar
Simondon, Gilbert (1958). Du mode d’existence des objets techniques. Paris: Éditions Aubier.Google Scholar
Sirucek, Stefan (2014). “Ancient ‘Giant Virus’ Revived from Siberian Permafrost”. National Geographic, 3. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/3/140303-giant-virus-permafrost-siberia-pithovirus-pandoravirus-scienceGoogle Scholar
Skinner, Burrhus (1938). The Behavior of Organisms. New York: Appleton-Century Company.Google Scholar
Sloterdijk, Peter (2014). You Must Change Your Life. Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar
Smith, Adam (1776). An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations.Google Scholar
Smith, Robert L. & Smith, Thomas M. (2006). Elements of Ecology. Harlow: Pearson Education.Google Scholar
Smith, Wesley J. (2002). Culture of Death: the Assault on Medical Ethics in America, San Francisco: Encounter Books.Google Scholar
Snowden, Frank M. (2019). Epidemics and Society: From the Black Death to the Present. United States: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Solidoro, Adriano (2020). “Guerra alle metafore di guerra al coronavirus”. Il Manifesto, 4. https://ilmanifesto.it/guerra-alle-metafore-di-guerra-sul-coronavirusGoogle Scholar
Solove, Daniel J. (2004). The Digital Person: Technology and Privacy in the Information Age. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Sontag, Susan (1978). Illness as Metaphor. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.Google Scholar
Spilsbury, Richard (2011). Deforestation, New York: The Rosen Publishing Group.Google Scholar
Thoreau, Henry David (1957). Walden. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. First edition 1854.Google Scholar
Tibon-Cornillot, Michel & Andremont, Antoine (2007). Le Triomphe des Bactéries: La Fin des Antibiotiques?. Paris: Max Milo Éditions.Google Scholar
Tilocca, Bruno, et al. (2020). “Molecular Basis Of Covid-19 Relationship In Different Species: A One Health Perspective”. Microbes and Infection, 22: 218220.Google Scholar
Van Hoof, Elke (9 April 2020). “Lockdown Is the World’s Biggest Psychological Experiment – and We Will Pay the Price”. The World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/04/this-is-the-psychological-side-of-the-covid-19-pandemic-that-were-ignoringGoogle Scholar
von Bertalanffy, Ludwig (1976). General System Theory: Foundations, Development, Applications. New York: George Braziller.Google Scholar
von Uexküll, Jakob J. (2010). A Foray Into the Worlds of Animals and Humans: With A Theory of Meaning. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Weisman, Alan (2008). The World Without Us. London: Virgin Books.Google Scholar
Wilen, Tracey (2018). Digital Disruption: the Future of Work, Skills, Leadership, New York: Peter Lang Pub. Inc.Google Scholar
Wilson, Edward O. (2017). The Origins of Creativity. United States: WW Norton & C.Google Scholar
World Health Organization, “Mental health and Covid-19”. https://www.who.int/teams/mental-health-and-substance-use/covid-1Google Scholar
Žižek, Slavoj (2020). Virus. Milano: Ponte alle Grazie.Google Scholar

Save element to Kindle

To save this element to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

The Virus Paradigm
Available formats
×

Save element to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

The Virus Paradigm
Available formats
×

Save element to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

The Virus Paradigm
Available formats
×