Under pressure from members of Congress and the public concerned with civilian casualties and famine during Israel's military action in Gaza, President Joseph R. Biden, Jr., issued on February 8, 2024, a National Security Memorandum on safeguards and accountability with respect to defense articles and services (NSM-20).Footnote 1 NSM-20 does not create new obligations on the use of U.S.-provided defense articles. Instead, it establishes a transparency regime for the evaluation of recipient countries’ compliance with existing legal obligations. It requires countries receiving U.S. arms to provide assurances that those arms are being used in accordance with international humanitarian law and that the recipient countries are not impeding U.S. humanitarian assistance in areas of armed conflict in which those weapons are being used. It also requires the secretaries of state and defense to report to Congress their assessments of those assurances. NSM-20 continues a series of initiatives by the Biden administration seeking to mitigate civilian harm in armed conflict.Footnote 2 The administration submitted its first NSM-20 report on May 10, concluding that Israel's (and other countries’) assurances were “credible and reliable” despite “circumstances . . . that raise serious concerns.”Footnote 3 While the president has repeatedly warned Israel about causing civilian harm in Gaza and paused one arms shipment,Footnote 4 he has not wavered in his support of Israel's use of force.Footnote 5 The United States has recently appropriated billions of dollars of military assistance for Israel, continued (with that one exception) to transfer weapons, and authorized new arms sales.Footnote 6
Israel's military incursion in Gaza, and the resulting humanitarian crisis, has spurred support in Congress, primarily among Democrats, for measures to ensure greater oversight of the operational use of U.S.-origin weapons.Footnote 7 As early as November 2023, members of Congress called for limits and conditions on military aid to Israel.Footnote 8 Senator Chris Van Hollen led a letter with twenty-five senators from the Democratic caucus asking President Biden “to inform [them] about what specific mechanisms [he is] putting in place to ensure that Israeli military operations conducted inside Gaza are carried out in accordance with international humanitarian law and to ensure that any U.S.-provided equipment is used in a manner consistent with U.S. law.”Footnote 9 Since then, Senator Van Hollen has persistently urged the Biden administration to take action addressing the humanitarian crisis in Gaza. On February 1, 2024, the senator led another letter signed by twenty-four other senators urging the administration to work with Israeli officials “to significantly increase the amount of assistance entering Gaza.”Footnote 10 Less than a week later, Senator Van Hollen with eighteen colleagues filed an amendment to the then-pending supplemental appropriations bill that included billions of dollars of military aid to Israel.Footnote 11 The amendment would have mandated that U.S. weapons provided under the supplemental were “used in accordance with international law, including international humanitarian law and the law of armed conflict, and United States law” and that the president obtain assurances “that the recipient country will cooperate fully with any United States efforts and United States-supported international efforts to provide humanitarian assistance to civilians in an area of conflict where United States defense articles or defense services are being used.”Footnote 12 The amendment would also have required the president to provide a report to Congress that “assess[es] . . . whether [U.S.-provided] defense articles or defense services have been used in a manner consistent with international law, including international humanitarian law and the law of armed conflict, United States law, . . . the standards contained in . . . [the] ‘United States Conventional Arms Transfer Policy,’” and “United States practices and mechanisms for minimizing civilian casualties.”Footnote 13 The amendment prompted the White House to create its own initiative—NSM-20—in conjunction with Senator Van Hollen.Footnote 14
NSM-20 established a mechanism to monitor whether transferred U.S. defense articles are used in accordance with civilian-protective rules, policies, and practices. NSM-20 requires the secretary of state to secure “credible and reliable written assurances” from foreign governments that receive defense articlesFootnote 15 funded with congressional appropriations that they: (1) “will use any such defense articles in accordance with international humanitarian law and, as applicable, other international law”; and (2) “will facilitate and not arbitrarily deny, restrict, or otherwise impede, directly or indirectly, the transport or delivery of United States humanitarian assistance and United States Government-supported international efforts to provide humanitarian assistance” in “any area of armed conflict” where those articles are used.Footnote 16 Such assurances must be provided prior to the provision of defense articles or, for those already receiving defense articles, within forty-five days of the issuance of NSM-20 by recipient countries currently engaged in an active armed conflict and within 180 days by those who are not so engaged.Footnote 17 If the assurances are not provided, the transfer of defense articles “shall be paused until the required assurances are obtained.”Footnote 18
If the secretary of state or secretary of defense deems the recipient country's assurances not credible or reliable, then the secretary “shall report to the President . . . within 45 days of such assessment and shall indicate appropriate next steps to be taken to assess and remediate the situation.”Footnote 19 Potential remedies could range from “refreshing the assurances” to “suspending any further transfers.”Footnote 20 Several exceptions are written into NSM-20. The requirements do not apply to air defense systems, defense articles that “are intended to be used for strictly defensive purposes or are exclusively for non-lethal purposes other than in armed conflict,” or transfers that are for the Defense Department's operational needs.Footnote 21 Additionally, the secretary of state or secretary of defense may waive the requirements in “rare and extraordinary circumstances” justified by national security.Footnote 22
Within ninety days of NSM-20's issuance, and annually thereafter, the secretaries of state and defense must provide a written report to Congress.Footnote 23 The report must include: (1) any new assurances obtained;Footnote 24 (2) an assessment of credible reports or allegations of defense articles being used contrary to international law and an outline of the procedures used to make the assessment;Footnote 25 (3) an evaluation of credible reports that indicate defense articles have been used contrary to “established best practices for mitigating civilian harm,” and the extent to which efforts to induce civilian harm mitigation best practices have been incorporated into the relevant U.S. security assistance program;Footnote 26 (4) an account of any situations where defense articles were not received by the intended recipient country, or were not being used with the intended purposes, and a description of remedies taken in those situations;Footnote 27 and (5) an evaluation of whether each recipient country has complied with its assurances, with § 620I of the Foreign Assistance Act (FAA), and with U.S. and international efforts to provide humanitarian assistance in the areas where the recipient country is using defense articles.Footnote 28
NSM-20 did not, the White House emphasized, “impos[e] new standards for military aid.”Footnote 29 In practice, the United States has routinely required assurances, and the memorandum does not add to existing legal requirements.Footnote 30
A month after President Biden issued NSM-20, Senator Van Hollen and twelve other senators wrote a letter to the president asking how the administration will “collect and analyze credible reports or allegations to make the assessments and determinations” required by NSM-20.Footnote 31 In the letter, Senator Van Hollen noted that, while NSM-20 creates “a novel enforcement mechanism,” if a recipient country violates its assurances, it “does not outline how the administration will determine if a country has violated an assurance and if there is a process in place to track its adherence to them.”Footnote 32
Three days later, Senator Van Hollen and seven other senators sent another letter to President Biden asserting that Israel is not in compliance with the FAA.Footnote 33 In January 2024, Senator Van Hollen had asked State Department officials to explain why section 620I of the FAA has not been applied.Footnote 34 That section provides: “No assistance shall be furnished . . . to any country when it is made known to the President that the government of such country prohibits or otherwise restricts, directly or indirectly, the transport or delivery of United States humanitarian assistance.”Footnote 35 Following up on his January inquiry, Senator Van Hollen asserted that Israel's interference with U.S. humanitarian operations violated Section 620I.Footnote 36 The eight senators “urge[d]” President Biden to make explicit to the Israeli government that failure to “immediately and dramatically” increase “humanitarian access and facilitate safe aid deliveries throughout Gaza will lead to serious consequences.”Footnote 37
Israel submitted assurances on March 20, 2024.Footnote 38 Senator Van Hollen released a statement six days later requesting “clarity” on the Biden administration's assessment of those assurances.Footnote 39 Specifically, he wanted to know whether Israel's written assurances are “credible and reliable” as required by NSM-20.Footnote 40 Senator Van Hollen stated that if the Biden administration makes an assessment that Israel “has been and is currently in compliance” with NSM-20, then “their decision is totally detached from the reality on the ground” and “[s]uch a decision would wholly undermine the letter and the spirit behind NSM-20.”Footnote 41
In its NSM-20 report to Congress, the administration presented country-by-country assessments of the assurances provided by Colombia, Iraq, Israel, Kenya, Nigeria, Somalia, and Ukraine, the countries currently engaged in an active armed conflict in which U.S. defense articles are used.Footnote 42 The report concluded: “While in some countries there have been circumstances over the reporting period that raise serious concerns, the USG currently assesses the assurances provided by each recipient country to be credible and reliable so as to allow the provision of defense articles covered under NSM-20 to continue.”Footnote 43 The bulk of the report—fifteen of its forty-six pages—pertained to Israel. The report noted concerns with Israeli compliance with international humanitarian law. It also observed that “Israel has not shared complete information to verify whether U.S. defense articles covered under NSM-20 were specifically used in actions that have been alleged as violations of IHL or IHRL in Gaza, or in the West Bank and East Jerusalem.”Footnote 44 Nonetheless, while not drawing conclusions on any particular incident, the report stated that U.S.-provided defense articles were “likely to have been involved in incidents that raise concerns about Israel's IHL compliance” and also that “it is reasonable to assess that defense articles covered under NSM-20 have been used by Israeli security forces since October 7 in instances inconsistent with its IHL obligations or with established best practices for mitigating civilian harm.”Footnote 45 Further, according to the report, the Intelligence Community “assesse[d] that Israel could do more to avoid civilian harm.”Footnote 46 The report also noted “numerous reports of civilian harm resulting from IDF operations during the reporting period, which raised serious questions with respect to whether Israel was upholding established best practices for mitigating civilian harm.”Footnote 47 The report pointed out that “[w]hile Israel has the knowledge, experience, and tools to implement best practices for mitigating civilian harm in its military operations, the results on the ground, including high levels of civilian casualties, raise substantial questions as to whether the IDF is using them effectively in all cases.”Footnote 48 The report found that “[w]hile the USG has had deep concerns during the period since October 7 about action and inaction by Israel that contributed significantly to a lack of sustained and predictable delivery of needed assistance at scale, and the overall level reaching Palestinian civilians—while improved—remains insufficient, [the United States] do[es] not currently assess that the Israeli government is prohibiting or otherwise restricting the transport or delivery of U.S. humanitarian assistance within the meaning of section 620I of the Foreign Assistance Act.”Footnote 49
Commenting on the report, Senator Van Hollen asserted that it “largely fails to meet the mark of what NSM-20 requires.”Footnote 50 He stated: “The Administration created a tool to promote accountability but has come up very short in its implementation. When it comes to applying international law and human rights, you can't cherry-pick the facts and the law. Today's report also indicates a continuation of a disturbing pattern where the expertise and analyses of those working most closely on these issues at the State Department and at USAID have been swept aside to facilitate a predetermined policy outcome based on political convenience.”Footnote 51
