The extent to which gender neutral and gendered nouns impact differently upon native French speakers’ gender representations was examined through a yes-no forced choice task. Swiss (Experiment 1) and Québec (Experiment 2) French-speaking participants were presented with word pairs composed of a gendered first name (e.g., Thomas) and a role (e.g., doctor), and tasked to indicate whether they believed that [first name] could be one of the [role]. Roles varied according to gender stereotypicality (feminine, masculine, non-stereotyped), and were either in a plural masculine (interpretable as generic) or gender neutral (epicenes and group nouns) form. The results indicated that the use of gender neutral forms of roles avoided a strong male bias found for the masculine forms, and that both gender neutral and masculine forms used equal cognitive resources. Further, stereotype effects associated with both gender-neutral and grammatically masculine forms were quite small (<1%). These results were highly reliable across both Swiss French and Québec speakers. Our study suggests that gender neutral forms are strong alternatives to the use of the masculine form as default value.

The present paper reports findings from a controlled large-scale (N = 1018) experimental study investigating how four different gender-fair forms influenced native French speakers’ estimated percentage of women compared to the masculine form (interpretable as generic) in 22 non-stereotyped French role nouns. The findings show that the masculine form generated lower perceived percentages of women compared to all other tested forms. In addition, gender-neutral and double forms were found equally efficient in resolving the male bias induced by the masculine form. Since the role nouns were non-stereotyped in terms of gender, these results suggest that the actual form of a role noun has indeed a strong influence on how the gender ratio of that role noun will be perceived. Moreover, the direction of the questionnaire’s response scale had a significant effect on the results, which entails methodological implications for future research. Finally, the provided ratios can be used for future studies investigating French role nouns in different gender-fair forms. In sum, our study suggests that gender-fair forms in French are an efficient tool for increasing the visibility of women, at least in nouns representing non-stereotypical activities.

Cet article propose une méthode de classification sémantique des noms qui repose sur l’application de tests distributionnels. Sont présentées 14 classes sémantiquement simples regroupées en trois pôles : (i) les noms dénotant des entités (comme cerf, pont, table), (ii) les noms dénotant des situations (comme promenade, intelligence, délabrement) et (iii) les noms relevant de classes en marge des deux précédentes (comme minute, hypothèse, euro). S’y ajoutent 7 classes complexes permettant de rendre compte du sens hybride que présentent nombre de noms, tel que, par exemple, le nom déposition qui renvoie de manière combinée à une action et à un objet cognitif (Elle a lu la déposition effectuée par le jeune homme). Cette classification permet non seulement d’attribuer aux noms, de manière contrôlée, des types sémantiques linguistiquement pertinents, mais également de traiter les différents cas de noms à sens multiples (homonymie, polysémie, hybridité).

Cet article s’intéresse à l’emploi du subjonctif en français acadien du nord-est du Nouveau-Brunswick dans les Provinces Maritimes du Canada. Notre point de départ consiste à faire état du site de conflit qui oppose les variétés du français acadien et du français laurentien en ce qui concerne les patrons régissant sa sélection. Il a déjà été démontré que les contraintes sémantiques exercent une influence prépondérante en français acadien alors que du côté laurentien, l’effet de ces contraintes est plutôt dépassé par celui venant de contraintes lexicales et morphosyntaxiques. Nos résultats démontrent que le parler acadien à l’étude affiche des parallèles structuraux avec ce qui est rapporté en français laurentien : En plus d’être contraint à un taux variable de sélection, la productivité du subjonctif est limitée à quelques contextes spécifiques et elle n’est pas tributaire de l’effet exercé par des contraintes sémantiques. Nous suggérons qu’il n’y a pas une seule norme vernaculaire partagée par tous les parlers acadiens quant au conditionnement du subjonctif et nous nous interrogeons sur l’impact des contacts dialectaux sur la structure linguistique du français de cette région.

Some utterances are pragmatically ambiguous. For instance, Tu peux fermer la fenêtre ? (“Can you close the window?”) can be a request for information or an “indirect request” (IR) to close the window. A possible way for speakers to make it clear whether they intend these expressions as a direct or indirect speech act is to use cues such as gestures or prosody. It has been shown for English that participants’ identifications of IRs are predicted by f0 slope, mean f0, and f0 duration. However, the extent to which these findings extend to other languages remains unknown. In this article, we explore the prosodic features associated with French IRs, a language poorly documented from that perspective. We address two research questions: Are listeners’ pragmatic interpretations of French IR constructions predicted by speaker’s original intent? Do prosodic cues play the same role in French modal interrogatives as in declarative remarks? We find, first, that remarks with more positive f0 slope are more likely to be interpreted as requests, but modal interrogatives with more positive f0 slope are more likely to be taken as questions. Second, while longer remarks were more likely to be interpreted as requests, longer modal interrogatives were more likely to be interpreted as questions.