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Article contents
Commerce and Credit: Female Credit Networks in Eighteenth-Century Kingston, Jamaica
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 27 February 2023
Abstract
Recent work on white women in Jamaica has shown that they were active participants in Jamaica’s slave economy. This article adds to this recent literature through an innovative use of social network analysis (SNA) to examine the credit networks in which women operated in the thriving eighteenth-century British Atlantic town of Kingston, Jamaica. In particular, it uses closeness and centrality measures to quantify the distinctive role that white women had in local credit networks. These were different from those of men involved in transatlantic trade, but were vital in facilitating female access to credit enabling domestic retail trade. White female traders in particular facilitated female access to credit networks, acting as significant conduits of money and information in ways that were crucial to the local economy. Their connectedness within trade networks increased over time, despite their greater exposure than larger traders to economic shocks. We therefore demonstrate that white women were active protagonists in the developing economy of eighteenth-century Jamaica.
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- © The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Business History Conference. All rights reserved.
References
Bibliography
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Haggerty, Sheryllynne. The British-Atlantic Trading Community, 1760–1810: Men, Women and the Distribution of Goods. Leiden: Brill, 2006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haggerty, Sheryllynne. “ Merely for Money”? Business Culture in the British Atlantic. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Haggerty, Sheryllynne. Ordinary People, Extraordinary Times: Living the British Empire in Jamaica, 1756. Montreal: McGill Queens University Press, 2023.Google Scholar
Karras, Alan, J. Sojourners in the Sun: Scottish Migrants in Jamaica and the Chesapeake, 1740–1800. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1992.Google Scholar
Lemire, Beverly. Global Trade and the Transformation of Consumer Cultures: The Material World Remade, c.1500–1820. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matson, Cathy. Merchants and Empire: Trading in Colonial New York. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998.Google Scholar
Mirvis, Stanley. The Jews of Eighteenth-Century Jamaica: A Testamentary History of a Diaspora in Transition. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2020.Google Scholar
McCusker, John J. How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Commodity Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States. 2nd ed. Worcester, MA: American Antiquarian Association, 2001.Google Scholar
Morgan, Kenneth. The Bright-Meyler Papers: A Bristol-West India Connection, 1732–1837. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Pearce, Adrian J. British Trade with Spanish America, 1763–1808. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Shammas, Carole. The Pre-industrial Consumer in England and America. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990.Google Scholar
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Walker, Christine. Jamaica Ladies: Female Slaveholders and the Creation of Britain’s Atlantic Empire. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2020.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wasserman, S., and Faust, K.. Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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Bedell, John. “Archaeology and Probate Inventories in the Study of Eighteenth-Century Life.” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 31 (2000): 223–245.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berg, Maxine. “In Pursuit of Luxury: Global History and British Consumer Goods in the Eighteenth Century.” Past & Present 182 (2004): 85–142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buchnea, Emily. “Transatlantic Transformations: Visualizing Change over Time in the Liverpool–New York Trade Network, 1763–1833.”Enterprise & Society 15 (2015): 687–721.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buckles, Peter. “A Historical Social Network Analysis of John Pinney’s Nevis–Bristol Network: Change over Time, the ‘Network Memory,’ and Reading Against the Grain of Historical Sources.” Enterprise & Society, 2022, online, 1–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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Burnard, Trevor. “‘Gay and Agreeable Ladies’: White Women in Mid-Eighteenth-Century Kingston, Jamaica.”Wadabagei 9 (2006): 27–49.Google Scholar
Burnard, Trevor. “‘Rioting in Goatish Embraces’: Marriage and Improvement in Early British Jamaica.” History of the Family 11 (2006):185–197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burt, Ronald, S. “Structural Holes and Good Ideas.” American Journal of Sociology 10 (2004): 349–399.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bush, Barbara. “White ‘Ladies,’ Coloured ‘Favourites,’ and Black ‘Wenches’: Some Considerations on Sex, Race, and Class Factors in Social Relations in White Creole Society in the British Caribbean.” Slavery and Abolition 2 (1981): 245–262.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christie, Nancy. “Merchant and Plebeian Commercial Knowledge in Montreal and Quebec, 1760–1820.” Early American Studies 13 (2015): 856–880.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doerflinger, Thomas M. “The Antilles Trade of the Old Regime: A Statistical Overview.” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 6 (1976): 397–415.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Durant-Gonzalez, Victoria. “The Occupation of Higglering.” Jamaica Journal 16 (1983): 2–12.Google Scholar
Erikson, Emily, and Bearman, Peter. “Malfeasance and the Foundations for Global Trade: The Structure of English Trade in the East Indies, 1601–1833.”American Journal of Sociology 112 (2006):195–230.Google Scholar
Finn, Margot. “Men’s Things: Masculine Possession in the Consumer Revolution.” Social History 25 (2000), 133–155.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldin, Claudia. “The Economic Status of Women in the Early Republic: Quantitative Evidence.” Journal of International History 16 (1986): 375–404.Google Scholar
Granovetter, Mark S. “The Strength of Weak Ties.” American Journal of Sociology 78 (1973): 1360–1380.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haggerty, John, and Haggerty, Sheryllynne. “Visual Analytics of an Eighteenth-Century Business Network.” Enterprise & Society 11 (2010): 1–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haggerty, John. “The Life Cycle of a Metropolitan Business Network: Liverpool 1750–1810.” Explorations in Economic History 48 (2011):189–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haggerty, John. “Networking with a Network: The Liverpool African Committee, 1750–1810.” Enterprise and Society 18 (2017): 556–590.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haggerty, Sheryllynne. “‘Miss Fan can tun her Han!’ Female Traders in Eighteenth-Century British-American Atlantic Port Cities.” Atlantic Studies 6 (2009): 29–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haggerty, Sheryllynne. “Risk, Networks and Privateering in Liverpool During the Seven Years’ War.” Journal of Maritime History 30 (2018): 30–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haggerty, Sheryllynne. “What’s in a Price? The American Raw Cotton Market in Liverpool and the Anglo-American War.” Business History 61 (2018): 942–970.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hart, Emma, and Matson, Cathy. “Situating Merchants in Late Eighteenth-Century British Atlantic Port Cities.” Early American Studies 15 (2017): 660–682.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harvey, Karen. “Barbarity in a Teacup? Punch, Domesticity and Gender in the Eighteenth Century.” Journal of Design History 21 (2008): 205–221.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hejeebu, Santhi. “Contract Enforcement in the English East India Company.” Journal of Economic History 65 (2005): 496–523.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ipsen, Pernille. “‘The Christened Mulatresses’: Euro-African Families in a Slave-Trading Town.” William and Mary Quarterly 70 (2013): 371–398.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lucas, Wendy, and Campbell, Noel. “Unwritten Rules and Gendered Frames Amongst Probate Appraisers? Evidence from Eighteenth-Century York County, Virginia.” Essays in Economic and Business History 36 (2018): 47–94.Google Scholar
McDade, Katie. “Liverpool Slave Merchant Entrepreneurial Networks, 1725–1807.”Business History 53 (2011): 1092–1109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petley, Christer. “Plantations and Homes: The Material Culture of the Early Nineteenth-Century Jamaican Elite.” Slavery & Abolition 35 (2014): 437–457.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petley, Christer. “Managing ‘Property’: The Colonial Order of Things Within Jamaican Probate Inventories.” Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History 21 (2020): 81–107.Google Scholar
Pelizarri, Peter. “Supplying Slavery: Jamaica, North America, and British Intra-imperial Trade, 1752–1769.” Slavery & Abolition 41 (2020): 528–554.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Radburn, Nicholas. “Guinea Factors, Slave Sales, and the Profits of the Transatlantic Slave Trade in Eighteenth-Century Jamaica: The Case of John Tailyour.” William and Mary Quarterly 72 (2015): 243–286.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Radburn, Nicholas, and Roberts, Justin. “Gold Versus Life: Jobbing Gangs and British Caribbean Slavery.” William and Mary Quarterly 64 (2019): 233–256.Google Scholar
Riello, Giorgio. “Cotton Textiles and the Industrial Revolution in a Global Context.” Past & Present 256 (2022): 87–139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shammas, Carole. “The Female Social Structure of Philadelphia in 1775.” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 107 (1983): 69–83.Google Scholar
Sheridan, Richard, B. “The British Credit Crisis of 1772 and the American Colonies.” Journal of Economic History 20 (1960): 161–186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spaeth, Donald. “‘Orderly Made’: Re-appraising Household Inventories in Seventeenth-Century England.” Social History 41 (2016): 417–435.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sweeney, Shauna. “Market Marronage: Fugitive Women and the Internal Marketing System in Jamaica, 1781–1834.” William and Mary Quarterly 76 (2019): 187–222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trahey, Erin. “Among Her Kinswomen: Legacies of Free Women of Colour in Jamaica.” William and Mary Quarterly 76 (2019): 257–288.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vickery, Amanda. “His and Hers: Gender, Consumption and Household Accounting in Eighteenth-Century England.” Supplement, Past and Present 1, no. (2006): 12–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walker, Christine. “Pursuing Her Profits: Women in Jamaica, Atlantic Slavery and a Globalising Market, 1700–60.”Gender and History 26 (2014): 478–501.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walker, Christine. “As Though She ‘Was a Virtuous Woman’: Colonial Changes to Gender Roles, Marital Practices, and Family Formation in Atlantic America, 1720–1760.” Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History 21 (2020), doi: 10.1353/cch.2020.0016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ward, J.R. “The Profitability of Sugar Planting in the British West Indies, 1650–1834.” Economic History Review 31 (1978): 197–213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yeh, Sarah. “‘A Sink of All Filthiness’: Gender, Family, and Identity in the British Atlantic, 1688–1763.”Historian 68 (2006): 66–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beckles, Hilary McD. “Sex and Gender in the Historiography of Caribbean Slavery.” In Engendering History: Caribbean Women in Historical Perspective, edited by Shepherd, Verene, Brereton, Bridget, and Bailey, Barbara, 125–140. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1995.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burnard, Trevor. “‘The Grand Mart of the Island’: The Economic Function of Kingston, Jamaica in the Mid-Eighteenth Century.” In Jamaica in Slavery and Freedom: History, Heritage and Culture, edited by Kathleen, E. A. Monteith and Richards, Glen, 225–241. Mona, Jamaica: University of West Indies Press, 2002.Google Scholar
Burnard, Trevor. “Collecting and Accounting: Representing Slaves as Commodities in Jamaica, 1674–1784.” In Collecting Across Cultures: Material Exchanges in the Early Modern Atlantic World, edited by Bleichmar, Daniela and Mancall, Peter C., 177–191. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cateau, Heather. “The New ‘Negro’ Business: Slave Hiring in the British West Indies.” In In the Shadow of the Plantation: Caribbean History and Legacy, edited by Thompson, Alvin O., ed., 100–120. Kingston: University of the West Indies Press, 2002.Google Scholar
Cox, Jeff, and Cox, Nancy. “Probate 1500–1800: A System in Transition.” In When Death Do Us Part: Understanding and Interpreting the Probate Records of Early Modern England, edited by Arkell, Tom, Evans, Nesta, and Goose, Nigel, 14–37. Oxford: Leopard’s Head Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Haggerty, Sheryllynne. “Women, Work, and the Consumer Revolution: Liverpool in the Late Eighteenth Century.” In A Nation of Shopkeepers: Five Centuries of British Retailing, edited by Benson, John and Ugolini, Laura, 106–126. London, Bloomsbury, 2002.Google Scholar
Knick Harley, C. “Slavery, the British Atlantic Economy, and the Industrial Revolution.”In The Caribbean and the Atlantic World Economy: Circuits of Trade, Money and Knowledge, 1650–1914, edited by Leonard, A. B. and Pretel, David, 161–183. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.Google Scholar
Simmonds, Lorna Elaine. “The Afro-Jamaican and the Internal Marketing System: Kingston, 1780–1834.” In Jamaica in Slavery and Freedom: History, Heritage and Culture, edited by Kathleen, E. A. Monteith and Richards, Glen, 274–290. Kingston: University of the West Indies Press, 2002.Google Scholar
Styles, John. “Indian Cottons and European Fashion, 1400–1800.”InGlobal Design History, edited by Adamson, Glenn, Riello, Giorgio, and Teasley, Sarah, 37–45. London: Routledge, 2011.Google Scholar
Zabin, Serena. “Women, Trade and the Roots of Consumer Society.” In Oxford Handbook of American’s Women and Gender History, edited by Hartigan-O’Connor, Ellen and Masterton, Lisa G., 335–354. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018.Google Scholar
Zacek, Natalie. “Between Lady and Slave: White Working Women in the Eighteenth-Century Leewards Islands.” In Women in Port: Gendering Communities, Economies, and Social Networks in Atlantic Port Cities, 1500–1800, edited by Caterall, Douglas and Campbell, Jodi, 127–150. Leiden: Brill, 2012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The Laws of Jamaica: Comprehending all the Acts in Force Passed between the Thirty-Second Year of the Reign of King Charles the Second and the Thirty-Third Year of the Reign of King George the Third. Vol. 1. Spanish Town: Alexander Aikman, 1802.Google Scholar
Probate Inventories, 1B/11/3, Island Record Office, Jamaica.Google Scholar
Burnard, Trevor. Mastery, Tyranny and Desire: Thomas Thistlewood and His Slaves in the Anglo-American World. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004.Google Scholar
Burnard, Trevor. Planters, Merchants, and Slaves: Plantation Societies in British America, 1650–1820. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burnard, Trevor. Jamaica in the Age of Revolution. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2020.Google Scholar
Bush, Barbara. Slave Women in Caribbean Society 1650–1838. Oxford: James Curry; Kingston: Ian Randle, 1990.Google Scholar
Donington, Katie. The Bonds of Family: Slavery, Commerce and Culture in the British Atlantic World. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 2020.Google Scholar
DuPlessis, Robert. The Material Atlantic: Clothing, Commerce, and Colonization in the Atlantic World, 1650–1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finucane, Adrian. The Temptations of Trade: British Agents in Eighteenth-Century Spanish America. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greene, Jack P. Settler Jamaica in the 1750s: A Social Portrait. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2016.Google Scholar
Haggerty, Sheryllynne. The British-Atlantic Trading Community, 1760–1810: Men, Women and the Distribution of Goods. Leiden: Brill, 2006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haggerty, Sheryllynne. “ Merely for Money”? Business Culture in the British Atlantic. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Haggerty, Sheryllynne. Ordinary People, Extraordinary Times: Living the British Empire in Jamaica, 1756. Montreal: McGill Queens University Press, 2023.Google Scholar
Karras, Alan, J. Sojourners in the Sun: Scottish Migrants in Jamaica and the Chesapeake, 1740–1800. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1992.Google Scholar
Lemire, Beverly. Global Trade and the Transformation of Consumer Cultures: The Material World Remade, c.1500–1820. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Matson, Cathy. Merchants and Empire: Trading in Colonial New York. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998.Google Scholar
Mirvis, Stanley. The Jews of Eighteenth-Century Jamaica: A Testamentary History of a Diaspora in Transition. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2020.Google Scholar
McCusker, John J. How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Commodity Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States. 2nd ed. Worcester, MA: American Antiquarian Association, 2001.Google Scholar
Morgan, Kenneth. The Bright-Meyler Papers: A Bristol-West India Connection, 1732–1837. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Pearce, Adrian J. British Trade with Spanish America, 1763–1808. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Shammas, Carole. The Pre-industrial Consumer in England and America. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990.Google Scholar
Vries, Jan de. The Industrious Revolution: Consumer Behavior and the Household Economy, 1650 to the Present. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walker, Christine. Jamaica Ladies: Female Slaveholders and the Creation of Britain’s Atlantic Empire. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2020.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wasserman, S., and Faust, K.. Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, Lee B. Bonds of Empire: The English Origins of Slave Law in South Carolina and British Plantation America, 1600–1783. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bedell, John. “Archaeology and Probate Inventories in the Study of Eighteenth-Century Life.” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 31 (2000): 223–245.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berg, Maxine. “In Pursuit of Luxury: Global History and British Consumer Goods in the Eighteenth Century.” Past & Present 182 (2004): 85–142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buchnea, Emily. “Transatlantic Transformations: Visualizing Change over Time in the Liverpool–New York Trade Network, 1763–1833.”Enterprise & Society 15 (2015): 687–721.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buckles, Peter. “A Historical Social Network Analysis of John Pinney’s Nevis–Bristol Network: Change over Time, the ‘Network Memory,’ and Reading Against the Grain of Historical Sources.” Enterprise & Society, 2022, online, 1–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burnard, Trevor. “Inheritance and Independence: Women’s Status in Early Colonial Jamaica.” William and Mary Quarterly 48(1991): 93–114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burnard, Trevor. “‘The Countrie Continues Sicklie’: White Mortality in Jamaica, 1655–1780.”Social History of Medicine 12 (1999): 45–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burnard, Trevor. “‘Gay and Agreeable Ladies’: White Women in Mid-Eighteenth-Century Kingston, Jamaica.”Wadabagei 9 (2006): 27–49.Google Scholar
Burnard, Trevor. “‘Rioting in Goatish Embraces’: Marriage and Improvement in Early British Jamaica.” History of the Family 11 (2006):185–197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burt, Ronald, S. “Structural Holes and Good Ideas.” American Journal of Sociology 10 (2004): 349–399.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bush, Barbara. “White ‘Ladies,’ Coloured ‘Favourites,’ and Black ‘Wenches’: Some Considerations on Sex, Race, and Class Factors in Social Relations in White Creole Society in the British Caribbean.” Slavery and Abolition 2 (1981): 245–262.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christie, Nancy. “Merchant and Plebeian Commercial Knowledge in Montreal and Quebec, 1760–1820.” Early American Studies 13 (2015): 856–880.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doerflinger, Thomas M. “The Antilles Trade of the Old Regime: A Statistical Overview.” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 6 (1976): 397–415.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Durant-Gonzalez, Victoria. “The Occupation of Higglering.” Jamaica Journal 16 (1983): 2–12.Google Scholar
Erikson, Emily, and Bearman, Peter. “Malfeasance and the Foundations for Global Trade: The Structure of English Trade in the East Indies, 1601–1833.”American Journal of Sociology 112 (2006):195–230.Google Scholar
Finn, Margot. “Men’s Things: Masculine Possession in the Consumer Revolution.” Social History 25 (2000), 133–155.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldin, Claudia. “The Economic Status of Women in the Early Republic: Quantitative Evidence.” Journal of International History 16 (1986): 375–404.Google Scholar
Granovetter, Mark S. “The Strength of Weak Ties.” American Journal of Sociology 78 (1973): 1360–1380.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haggerty, John, and Haggerty, Sheryllynne. “Visual Analytics of an Eighteenth-Century Business Network.” Enterprise & Society 11 (2010): 1–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haggerty, John. “The Life Cycle of a Metropolitan Business Network: Liverpool 1750–1810.” Explorations in Economic History 48 (2011):189–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haggerty, John. “Networking with a Network: The Liverpool African Committee, 1750–1810.” Enterprise and Society 18 (2017): 556–590.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haggerty, Sheryllynne. “‘Miss Fan can tun her Han!’ Female Traders in Eighteenth-Century British-American Atlantic Port Cities.” Atlantic Studies 6 (2009): 29–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haggerty, Sheryllynne. “Risk, Networks and Privateering in Liverpool During the Seven Years’ War.” Journal of Maritime History 30 (2018): 30–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haggerty, Sheryllynne. “What’s in a Price? The American Raw Cotton Market in Liverpool and the Anglo-American War.” Business History 61 (2018): 942–970.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hart, Emma, and Matson, Cathy. “Situating Merchants in Late Eighteenth-Century British Atlantic Port Cities.” Early American Studies 15 (2017): 660–682.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harvey, Karen. “Barbarity in a Teacup? Punch, Domesticity and Gender in the Eighteenth Century.” Journal of Design History 21 (2008): 205–221.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hejeebu, Santhi. “Contract Enforcement in the English East India Company.” Journal of Economic History 65 (2005): 496–523.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ipsen, Pernille. “‘The Christened Mulatresses’: Euro-African Families in a Slave-Trading Town.” William and Mary Quarterly 70 (2013): 371–398.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lucas, Wendy, and Campbell, Noel. “Unwritten Rules and Gendered Frames Amongst Probate Appraisers? Evidence from Eighteenth-Century York County, Virginia.” Essays in Economic and Business History 36 (2018): 47–94.Google Scholar
McDade, Katie. “Liverpool Slave Merchant Entrepreneurial Networks, 1725–1807.”Business History 53 (2011): 1092–1109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petley, Christer. “Plantations and Homes: The Material Culture of the Early Nineteenth-Century Jamaican Elite.” Slavery & Abolition 35 (2014): 437–457.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petley, Christer. “Managing ‘Property’: The Colonial Order of Things Within Jamaican Probate Inventories.” Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History 21 (2020): 81–107.Google Scholar
Pelizarri, Peter. “Supplying Slavery: Jamaica, North America, and British Intra-imperial Trade, 1752–1769.” Slavery & Abolition 41 (2020): 528–554.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Radburn, Nicholas. “Guinea Factors, Slave Sales, and the Profits of the Transatlantic Slave Trade in Eighteenth-Century Jamaica: The Case of John Tailyour.” William and Mary Quarterly 72 (2015): 243–286.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Radburn, Nicholas, and Roberts, Justin. “Gold Versus Life: Jobbing Gangs and British Caribbean Slavery.” William and Mary Quarterly 64 (2019): 233–256.Google Scholar
Riello, Giorgio. “Cotton Textiles and the Industrial Revolution in a Global Context.” Past & Present 256 (2022): 87–139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shammas, Carole. “The Female Social Structure of Philadelphia in 1775.” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 107 (1983): 69–83.Google Scholar
Sheridan, Richard, B. “The British Credit Crisis of 1772 and the American Colonies.” Journal of Economic History 20 (1960): 161–186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spaeth, Donald. “‘Orderly Made’: Re-appraising Household Inventories in Seventeenth-Century England.” Social History 41 (2016): 417–435.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sweeney, Shauna. “Market Marronage: Fugitive Women and the Internal Marketing System in Jamaica, 1781–1834.” William and Mary Quarterly 76 (2019): 187–222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trahey, Erin. “Among Her Kinswomen: Legacies of Free Women of Colour in Jamaica.” William and Mary Quarterly 76 (2019): 257–288.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vickery, Amanda. “His and Hers: Gender, Consumption and Household Accounting in Eighteenth-Century England.” Supplement, Past and Present 1, no. (2006): 12–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walker, Christine. “Pursuing Her Profits: Women in Jamaica, Atlantic Slavery and a Globalising Market, 1700–60.”Gender and History 26 (2014): 478–501.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walker, Christine. “As Though She ‘Was a Virtuous Woman’: Colonial Changes to Gender Roles, Marital Practices, and Family Formation in Atlantic America, 1720–1760.” Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History 21 (2020), doi: 10.1353/cch.2020.0016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ward, J.R. “The Profitability of Sugar Planting in the British West Indies, 1650–1834.” Economic History Review 31 (1978): 197–213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yeh, Sarah. “‘A Sink of All Filthiness’: Gender, Family, and Identity in the British Atlantic, 1688–1763.”Historian 68 (2006): 66–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beckles, Hilary McD. “Sex and Gender in the Historiography of Caribbean Slavery.” In Engendering History: Caribbean Women in Historical Perspective, edited by Shepherd, Verene, Brereton, Bridget, and Bailey, Barbara, 125–140. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1995.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burnard, Trevor. “‘The Grand Mart of the Island’: The Economic Function of Kingston, Jamaica in the Mid-Eighteenth Century.” In Jamaica in Slavery and Freedom: History, Heritage and Culture, edited by Kathleen, E. A. Monteith and Richards, Glen, 225–241. Mona, Jamaica: University of West Indies Press, 2002.Google Scholar
Burnard, Trevor. “Collecting and Accounting: Representing Slaves as Commodities in Jamaica, 1674–1784.” In Collecting Across Cultures: Material Exchanges in the Early Modern Atlantic World, edited by Bleichmar, Daniela and Mancall, Peter C., 177–191. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cateau, Heather. “The New ‘Negro’ Business: Slave Hiring in the British West Indies.” In In the Shadow of the Plantation: Caribbean History and Legacy, edited by Thompson, Alvin O., ed., 100–120. Kingston: University of the West Indies Press, 2002.Google Scholar
Cox, Jeff, and Cox, Nancy. “Probate 1500–1800: A System in Transition.” In When Death Do Us Part: Understanding and Interpreting the Probate Records of Early Modern England, edited by Arkell, Tom, Evans, Nesta, and Goose, Nigel, 14–37. Oxford: Leopard’s Head Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Haggerty, Sheryllynne. “Women, Work, and the Consumer Revolution: Liverpool in the Late Eighteenth Century.” In A Nation of Shopkeepers: Five Centuries of British Retailing, edited by Benson, John and Ugolini, Laura, 106–126. London, Bloomsbury, 2002.Google Scholar
Knick Harley, C. “Slavery, the British Atlantic Economy, and the Industrial Revolution.”In The Caribbean and the Atlantic World Economy: Circuits of Trade, Money and Knowledge, 1650–1914, edited by Leonard, A. B. and Pretel, David, 161–183. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.Google Scholar
Simmonds, Lorna Elaine. “The Afro-Jamaican and the Internal Marketing System: Kingston, 1780–1834.” In Jamaica in Slavery and Freedom: History, Heritage and Culture, edited by Kathleen, E. A. Monteith and Richards, Glen, 274–290. Kingston: University of the West Indies Press, 2002.Google Scholar
Styles, John. “Indian Cottons and European Fashion, 1400–1800.”InGlobal Design History, edited by Adamson, Glenn, Riello, Giorgio, and Teasley, Sarah, 37–45. London: Routledge, 2011.Google Scholar
Zabin, Serena. “Women, Trade and the Roots of Consumer Society.” In Oxford Handbook of American’s Women and Gender History, edited by Hartigan-O’Connor, Ellen and Masterton, Lisa G., 335–354. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018.Google Scholar
Zacek, Natalie. “Between Lady and Slave: White Working Women in the Eighteenth-Century Leewards Islands.” In Women in Port: Gendering Communities, Economies, and Social Networks in Atlantic Port Cities, 1500–1800, edited by Caterall, Douglas and Campbell, Jodi, 127–150. Leiden: Brill, 2012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The Laws of Jamaica: Comprehending all the Acts in Force Passed between the Thirty-Second Year of the Reign of King Charles the Second and the Thirty-Third Year of the Reign of King George the Third. Vol. 1. Spanish Town: Alexander Aikman, 1802.Google Scholar
Probate Inventories, 1B/11/3, Island Record Office, Jamaica.Google Scholar