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Weed seed bank emergence across the Corn Belt

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 June 2017

Frank Forcella ,
Robert G. Wilson ,
Jack Dekker ,
Robert J. Kremer ,
John Cardina ,
Randy L. Anderson ,
David Alm ,
Karen A. Renner ,
R. Gordon Harvey  and
Sharon Clay
...Show all authors
Robert G. Wilson
Affiliation:
Panhandle Station, University of Nebraska, Scottsbluff, NE 69361
Jack Dekker
Affiliation:
Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
Robert J. Kremer
Affiliation:
Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
John Cardina
Affiliation:
OARDC, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691
Randy L. Anderson
Affiliation:
Central Plains Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Akron, CO 80720
David Alm
Affiliation:
Agricultrural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
Karen A. Renner
Affiliation:
Department of Crop Soil Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
R. Gordon Harvey
Affiliation:
Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706
Sharon Clay
Affiliation:
Department of Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007
Douglas D. Buhler
Affiliation:
National Soil Tilth Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50011
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Abstract

Field experiments, conducted from 1991 to 1994, generated information on weed seedbank emergence for 22 site-years from Ohio to Colorado and Minnesota to Missouri. Early spring seedbank densities were estimated through direct extraction of viable seeds from soil cores. Emerged seedlings were recorded periodically, as were daily values for air and soil temperature, and precipitation. Percentages of weed seedbanks that emerged as seedlings were calculated from seedbank and seedling data for each species, and relationships between seedbank emergence and microclimatic variables were sought. Fifteen species were found in 3 or more site-years. Average emergence percentages (and coefficients of variation) of these species were as follows: giant foxtail, 31.2 (84%); velvetleaf, 28.2 (66); kochia, 25.7 (79); Pennsylvania smartweed, 25.1 (65); common purslane, 15.4 (135); common ragweed, 15.0 (110); green foxtail, 8.5 (72); wild proso millet, 6.6 (104); hairy nightshade, 5.2 (62); common sunflower, 5.0 (26); yellow foxtail, 3.4 (67); pigweed species, 3.3 (103); common lambsquarters, 2.7 (111); wild buckwheat, 2.5 (63), and prostrate knotweed, 0.6 (79). Variation among site-years, for some species, could be attributed to microclimate variables thought to induce secondary dormancy in spring. For example, total seasonal emergence percentage of giant foxtail was related positively to the 1st date at which average daily soil temperature at 5 to 10 cm soil depth reached 16 C. Thus, if soil warmed before mid April, secondary dormancy was induced and few seedlings emerged, whereas many seedlings emerged if soil remained cool until June.

Keywords

Common lambsquarters, Chenopodium album L. CHEALcommon purslane, Portulaca oleracea L. POROLcommon ragweed, Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. AMBELcommon sunflower, Helianthus annuus L. HELANgiant foxtail, Setaria faberi Herrm. SETFAgreen foxtail, Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv. SETVIhairy nightshade, Solanum sarrachoides Sendtner SOLSAkochia, Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad. KCHSCpigweed species, Amaranthus spp.Pennsylvania smartweed, Polygonum pensylvanicum L. POLPYwild-proso millet, Panicum miliaceum L. PANMIprostrate knotweed, Polygonum aviculare L. POLAVvelvetleaf, Abutilon theophrasti Medik. ABUTHwild buckwheat, Polygonum convolvulus L. POLCOyellow foxtail, Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv. SETLUEmergence predictionseed dormancyweed seedsweed seedlings
Type
Weed Biology and Ecology
Information
Weed Science , Volume 45 , Issue 1 , February 1997 , pp. 67 - 76
Copyright
Copyright © 1997 by the Weed Science Society of America 

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