Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-42gr6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-16T13:22:57.136Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

A view from the wharf: historical perspectives on the transformation of urban waterfront space in Stockholm during the twentieth century

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 November 2017

NATASHA VALL*
Affiliation:
School of Social Sciences Humanities and Law, Department of Humanities, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, TS1 3BA, UK

Abstract:

This article examines the development of Hammarby Lake City in southern Stockholm on a former industrial, waterfront site during the 1990s. The setting may resemble recent global redevelopments of urban waterfronts and docks; however, in it Stockholm needs to be viewed against longer cultural, aesthetic and historical influences. This includes early twentieth-century precedents rooted in civic and residential engagement with the modern and industrial shoreline. In addition, an informal human interaction with the abandoned southern Hammarby harbour evolved during the 1950s through reoccupation by an itinerant community of workers. Such forerunners have often been overlooked in accounts of a late twentieth-century dramatic transformation of industrial waterfronts. The article concludes that there is scope to align the theme of waterfront development more closely to the longer history of the twentieth-century city. This perspective provides a useful counterpoint to the leading view of such spaces as an expression of late capitalism.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Bjuström, P., ‘Vattnet som skapande princip’, Arkitektur, 7 (1997), 39Google Scholar.

2 Harvey, D., ‘From managerialism to entrepreneurialism: the transformation of urban governance in late capitalism’, Geografiska Annaler, Series B, 71 (1989), 317CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Oakley and Johnson affirm that the ‘emerging role as centres of economic and symbolic spectacle and new governance models’ has been predominant in accounts of urban waterfront transformation, Oakley, S. and Johnson, L., ‘Place taking and place making in waterfront renewal Australia’, Urban Studies, 50 (2013), 353CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

3 Brownhill and O'Hara emphasize that the assemblage of diverse urban policies that influenced urban waterfront development in London have often been (mis)represented as monolithic and ideological shifts. Brownhill, S. and O'Hara, G., ‘From planning to opportunism? Re-examining the creation of the London Docklands Development Corporation’, Planning Perspectives, 30 (2014), 542Google Scholar.

4 Milne, G., Balderstone, L. and Mulhearne, R., ‘Memory and place on the Liverpool waterfront in the mid-twentieth century’, Urban History, 41 (2014), 1Google Scholar.

5 For Stockholm's development see Nilsson, L., ‘A capital floating on the waters: the development of Stockholm in the long term perspective’, in Nilsson, L. (ed.), Capital Cities: Images and Realities in the Historical Development of European Capital Cities (Stockholm, 2000), 152–70Google Scholar; Ström-Billing, I., Stockholms hamn 1909–1939. Näringsliv och politik i samverkan (Stockholm, 1984)Google Scholar.

6 Metzger, J. and Rader Olsson, A., ‘Introduction: the greenest city?’, in Metzger, J. and Olsson, A. Rader (eds.), Sustainable Stockholm. Exploring Urban Sustainability in Europe's Greenest City (London, 2013), 10Google Scholar.

7 Young, J., Around the World with General Young. Abridged, Edited and Introduced by Michael Fellman (Baltimore, 2002), 170Google Scholar.

8 O'Dell provides an interesting discussion of the cultural dialogue between the two countries in O'Dell, T., Culture Unbound: Americanization and Everyday Life in Sweden (Lund, 1997)Google Scholar. A useful account of Stockholm property speculation in this era can be found in Perlinge, A., Bubblan som sprack – Byggboomen i Stockholm 1896–1908 (Stockholm, 2012)Google Scholar.

9 Stjernlöf-Lund, A., Cyrillus Johansson. Från Askersund till Östersund (Karlstad, 2008), 1173Google Scholar; Eriksson, E., ‘Från industry till bostader’, in Eriksson, E. (ed.), Stockholms strȁnder (Stockholm, 2003), 48Google Scholar.

10 Ibid.

11 Sweden's industrial breakthrough was largely financed by Stockholms Enskilda Bank, the focus of the powerful financial and industrial complex that by the twentieth century came to be known as the ‘Wallenberg group’. By the end of the 1960s, one in seven Swedish industrial workers were employed by a ‘Wallenberg company’, including major players in the Swedish export industry from SAAB, to Electrolux and L M Ericsson. Magnusson, L., Sveriges Ekonomiska Historia (Stockholm, 1997), 428–9Google Scholar. For Stockholm's urban development prior to the twentieth century, see Nilsson, L., Stockholm i siffror 1850–2000, Stads- och kommunhistoriska institutet (Stockholm, 2000)Google Scholar; Nilsson, L., ‘En annorlunda stad?: Stockholms plats i svensk samhällsutveckling ur ett flerhundraårigt perspektiv’, in Nilsson, L. (ed.), Huvudstadens historia (Stockholm, 1992), 90124Google Scholar; Andersson, M., Stockholm's Annual Rings: A Glimpse into the Development of the City (Stockholm, 1998)Google Scholar.

12 Hirdman, Y., Att Lägga Livet till Rätta (Stockholm, 2000)Google Scholar.

13 Zunker, V., A Dream Come True: Robert Hugman and San Antonio's River Walk (Seguin, 1983), 133Google Scholar.

14 Mattsson, H. and Wallenstein, S.O. (eds.), Swedish Modernism. Architecture, Consumption and the Welfare State (London, 2010), 152Google Scholar.

15 Hilson, Mary, The Nordic Model: Scandinavia since 1945 (London, 2008), 22Google Scholar.

16 Ibid.

17 This is a national tenants’ organization and building society that was initiated in Stockholm.

18 Rudberg, E., Stockholmsutställningen 1930. Modernismens genombrott i svensk Arkitektur (Stockholm, 1999)Google Scholar; Gullberg, A. and Ruddberg, E., Byggare I Stockholm, byggmästare rollen under 1900 talet (Stockholm, 2001), 1530Google Scholar.

19 Lundewall, O., HSB Ȧrskrӧnika, 1923–1985 (Stockholm, 1985), 26Google Scholar; HSB, Cooperative Housing (Stockholm, 1946).

20 HSB's development of the Stockholm island site of Reimersholm from 1939 aroused international admiration for the concerted effort to connect residential and civic amenities to the island topography. The island had formerly housed a prison and wool manufacturing plant, the latter bankrupt by the 1930s. Following their purchase of the site, HSB constructed large-scale domestic residences, close to the water's edge, praised for allowing the ‘natural beauty of the island’ to be appreciated. Ames, J.W., Co-operative Sweden Today (Madison, 1952), 132Google Scholar.

21 Andersson, H.O. and Bedoire, F., Stockholm Architecture and Landscape (Stockholm, 1988), 185–6Google Scholar.

22 Eriksson, ‘Från industry till bostader’, 64.

23 Whilst HSB residences benefited from state subsidy and were part of a wider improvement to the quality of housing, especially in cities, the HSB residences in Kungsholmen and elsewhere commanded high rents and attracted middle-class tenants, effectively marginalizing the inner-city working-class communities in a manner that foreshadowed waterfront gentrification processes later in the century.

24 Eriksson, ‘Från industry till bostäder’, 64; Lundewall, HSB Ȧrskrӧnika, 26.

25 Orfali, C., ‘The rise and fall of the Swedish model’, in Prost, A. and Vincent, G. (eds.), A History of Private Life (Cambridge, MA, 1994), 424–5Google Scholar.

26 Vȁllingby is often used as an example of a ‘new forest’ suburb combining functionalist architecture with closeness to the natural landscape and it was publicly admired by many, including the American master urban developer James Rouse who visited as part of his ‘Grand Tour’ of European cities during the 1960s. Olsen, J., Better Places Better Lives. A Biography of James Rouse (Washington, DC, 2003), 132Google Scholar.

27 A. Loomis, ‘From Stockholm to Kalmar’, Motor Boating (Jan. 1928), 30.

28 Willén, M., Berȁttelser om den öppna planlösningens arkitektur. En studie av bostäder, boende och livsstil i det tidiga 2000-talets Sverige (Lund, 2012), 2631Google Scholar.

29 ‘Att riva staden’, Svenska Dagbladet, 12 Apr. 1962; ‘City planen bör omarbetas’, Dagens Nyheter, 2 Feb. 1963; Stahre, U., Alternativa staden. Stockholms stadsomvandling och byalagsrörelsen (Stockholm, 1999)Google Scholar; Stahre, U., ‘City in change. Globalisation, local politics and urban movements in contemporary Stockholm’, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 28 (2004), 6885CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Hall, T., ‘The central business district. Planning in Stockholm 1928–1978’, in Hall, T. (ed.), Growth and Transformation of the Modern City (Stockholm, 1979), 181232Google Scholar.

30 Mumford, L., The City in History (London, 1966)Google Scholar, cited in Milne, Balderstone and Mulhearne, ‘Memory and place’, 1.

31 Miller, M., Europe and the Maritime World: A Twentieth Century History (Cambridge, 2012), 55CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Palmer, S., ‘The maritime world in historical perspective’, Journal of Maritime History, 23 (2011), 112CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

32 Vall, N., Cities in Decline? A Comparative History of Malmö and Newcastle 1945–2000 (Malmö, 2007), 2853Google Scholar.

33 Bloom, N. Dagen, Merchant of Illusion: James Rouse, America's Salesman of the Businessman's Utopia (Columbus, 2004), 173Google Scholar.

34 Berglund, C. and Heidecken, C., Fria Fӧretagare (Stockholm, 1984), 11Google Scholar; Träff, G., Samtidsdokumentation av några verksamheter i Södrahammarbyhammnen (Stockholm, 1999), 37Google Scholar.

35 Digitala Stadsmuseet. Södra Hammarbyhamnen. Stadsmuseets skrivelser fram till och med år 2001. Stockholms Stadsbyggnadskontor Stadsplaneavdelningen. Föredragningspromenoria rörande planutredningen för Sickla Udde, 20 Apr. 1970, 4–7; Skoglund, P. and Eklund, P., Här går plåtvågor – Lugnet (Stockholm, 1997), 8, 80Google Scholar.

36 Digitala Stadsmuseet. Södra Hammarbyhamnen. Stadsmuseets skrivelser fram till och med år 2001. Stockholms Stadsbyggnadskontor Stadsplaneavdelningen. Föredragningspromenoria rörande planutredningen för Sickla Udde, 20 Apr. 1970.

37 Berglund and Heidecken, Fria Fӧretagare, 7–17.

38 Ibid., 70.

39 Ibid., 32.

40 In Manchester, the ‘birthplace’ of the industrial revolution, following the post-war implosion of large-scale manufacturing the Castlefield district soon acquired a reputation for vice and crime. Here, the arrival of itinerant workers exacerbated its reputation as a ‘hostile place’ adding to a sense of an impending decline. Madgin, R., ‘Reconceptualising the historic urban environment: conservation and regeneration in Castlefield, Manchester, 1960–2009’, Planning Perspectives, 25 (2010), 34CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

41 Onetti, J.C., The Shipyard (London, 1992)Google Scholar.

42 Stockholm Stads Arkiv, Stockholms Stads Byggnadskontor Stadsplaneavdelningen, Föredragnings promenoria rörande planutredningen för Sickla Udde, 1970.

43 Ibid.

44 Skoglund and Eklund, Här går plåtvågor, 80.

45 Vall, N., ‘Doing their own thing: squatting movements in Copenhagen and Stockholm during the 1970s’, Moving the Social. Journal of Social History and the Social History of Movements, 48 (2012), 89109Google Scholar.

46 The Ouseburn Valley in Newcastle offers an interesting parallel, see ‘Ouseburn: the beating heart of Newcastle’, Guardian, 22 Dec. 2009; Vall, N., Cultural Region, North East England, 1945–2000 (Manchester, 2011), 138–43Google Scholar.

47 Skoglund and Eklund, Här går plåtvågor, 73; Berglund and Heidecken, Fria Fӧretagare, 17.

48 Suzuki, H., Dastur, A., Moffat, S., Yabuki, N. and Maruyama, H. (eds.), EcO2 Cities: Ecological Cities as Economic Cities (Washington, DC, 2010), 189CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

49 Stockholm Stads Arkiv. Stockholmbyggnadskontor, Kvalitets program fӧr gestaltning del av Lugnetområdet. 2005.

50 Ibid.

51 Baeten, G. and Tasan-Kok, T. (eds.), The Contradictions of Neoliberal Planning. Cities, Policies and Politics (Berlin, 2012)Google Scholar.

52 For a useful summary of Stockholm's economic development after 1945, see Elmhorn, C., Från hot till löfte Stockholms ekonomiska omvandling 1945–2010 (Stockholm, 2013)Google Scholar.

53 Levin, P.T. and Iveroth, S.P., ‘Failed (mega) events and city transformation: the green vision for the 2004 Olympic village in Stockholm’, in Berg, P.O. and Björner, E. (eds.), Branding Chinese Mega-Cities: Policies, Practices and Positioning (Cheltenham, 2014), 155–68Google Scholar.

55 Baeten and Tasan-Kok (eds.), Contradictions of Neoliberal Planning.

56 Imrie, R. and Huw, T. (eds.), British Urban Policy: An Evaluation of the Development Corporations (London, 1999)Google Scholar; Brownhill and O'Hara, ‘From planning to opportunism?’, 542.

57 Hagström, J.I., ‘Hammarby Sjöstad, Stockholm’, Arkitektur, 7 (1997), 32Google Scholar.

58 Hagström, J.I., ‘Stadstrukturen’, in De gröna, det sköna, de hållbara i den moderna staden. Hammarby Sjöstad (Stockholm, 2004), 1213 and 34Google Scholar.

59 Wolodarski, A., ‘Med ordningens lekfullhet mot vattnet: Norra Hammarbyhamnen och Sankt Eriksområdet’, Sankt Eriks Årsbok (Stockholm, 2003), 143–5Google Scholar.

60 Ibid.

61 Nilsson, L., ‘Urban development in Sweden, 1950–2005’, in Nilsson, L. (ed.), The Coming of the Post-Industrial City: Challenges and Responses in Western European Urban Development since 1950 (Stockholm, 2011), 171251Google Scholar; L. Nilsson, ‘Growth and stagnation in the history of Stockholm’, Stockholm – Belgrade: proceedings from the third Swedish-Serbian Symposium in Stockholm, 21–5 Apr. 2004, 94–114.

62 For local discussion of 1970s suburbanization and its impact upon architecture in

Stockholm, see Editorial, ‘Bostad’, Arkitektur, 10 (1984).

63 Kallstenius, P. (ed.), Stockholm bygger. Om 1980-talets byggande i Stockholm (Stockholm, 1986)Google Scholar; Editorial, ‘Bostad’, Arkitektur, 10 (1984); J.I. Hagstrӧm, ‘Från Minneberg till Hammarby Sjӧstad’, in Eriksson (ed.), Stockholms stränder, 125; Nylander, O., Svensk Bostad 1850–2000 (Lund, 2013)Google Scholar.

64 The development has won a number of accolades for its ecological credentials and continues to attract many visitors numbering 13,000 in 2014, www.thenatureofcities.com/2014/02/12/hammarby-Sjöstad-a-new-generation-of-sustainable-urban-eco-districts/ accessed 3 Nov. 2016.

65 Sjöstadsbladet, 5 (2014).

66 P. Hall, ‘City-led growth: remedying Britain's haphazard development’, www.policy-network.net/pno_detail.aspx?id=4533&title=City-led+growth%3A+Remedying+Britain%E2%80%99s+haphazard+urban+development accessed 3 Nov. 2016.

67 In 2014, a new children's play park was constructed that self-consciously referenced the area's industrial heritage including a children's boat repair yard and miniature mechanical engineering sheds. L. Epstein, ‘De Gamla Lugnet snart tillbaka’, http://blogg.dn.se/epstein/2014/08/18/det-gamla-lugnet-snart-tillbaka/ accessed 3 Nov. 2016.

68 Collymore, P., The Architecture of Ralph Erskine (London, 1995), 150Google Scholar.

69 Grahm, O. and Zimmer, L. (eds.), Dock Living: Västra hamnen (Malmö, 2008), 6Google Scholar; Persson, B. (ed.), The Western Harbour. Experiences and Lessons Learned in Malmö, Sweden (Malmö, 2013), 14Google Scholar.

70 Willen, M., Berättelser om den öppna planlösningens arkitektur En studie av bostäder, boende och livsstil i det tidiga 2000-talets Sverige (Lund, 2012), 12Google Scholar.

71 Ibid., 174.

72 Rudberg, E., The Stockholm Exhibition 1930: Modernism's Breakthrough in Swedish Architecture (Stockholm, 1999)Google Scholar; Widenheim, C., Utopia and Reality: Modernity in Sweden 1900–1960 (New Haven, 2002)Google Scholar.

73 Hurst, W., ‘Design fault threatens exemplar eco-town’, Building Design, 15 (2007), 1Google Scholar.

74 Hall, P., ‘Eco-ghetto points to a dividing nation’, Regeneration & Renewal, 5 Nov. 2009, 12Google Scholar.

75 Miller, Maritime World, 55.