Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gbm5v Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-01-01T05:55:15.410Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

New Wine in an Old Bottle? The Ideological Morphology of the Thai Online Right

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 November 2024

Motoki Luxmiwattana Open the ORCID record for Motoki Luxmiwattana [Opens in a new window]
Motoki Luxmiwattana*
Affiliation:
Graduate School of Asia-Pacific Studies, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
*
Email: motoki.lux@gmail.com; motoki.lux@suou.waseda.jp
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

In recent years, a number of online outlets aligned with the right has emerged in Thai politics. Though it is often assumed that such actors are merely an extension of the Thai state propaganda apparatus, as the moniker “IO (short for Information Operation)” implies, closer inspection of their contents suggests a more complicated picture. Employing the morphological approach of ideological analysis, this article argues that the Thai Online Right articulates a decidedly conservative worldview, upholding a social order centred around the monarchy, and opposing particular instigators of change, similar to more traditional Thai conservatives. The concepts and ideas they deploy to bolster these core ideas, however, seem to emphasise more materialistic and personalised elements, as well as draw from more contemporaneous “Western” right-wing conspiracy theories, making their conservative expression a strange blend of the old and the new. The findings have implications to the study of conservatisms, both in the Thai context and comparatively.

Keywords

ConservatismideologyThailandinternetpropaganda
Type
Original Article
Information
TRaNS: Trans-Regional and -National Studies of Southeast Asia , First View , pp. 1 - 20
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Institute for East Asian Studies

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aim, Sinpeng. 2021a. “Hashtag activism: Social media and the #FreeYouth protests in Thailand.” Critical Asian Studies 53(2): 192–205. https://doi.org/10.1080/14672715.2021.1882866.Google Scholar
Aim, Sinpeng. 2021b. Opposing Democracy in the Digital Age: The Yellow Shirts in Thailand. Michigan: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Apichat, Satitniramai. 2017. “Yellow vs. Red and the rise of a new middle class in Thailand.” In Citizenship and Democratization in Southeast Asia, edited by Berenschot, Ward, Nordholt, Henk Schulte, and Bakker, Laurens, 289–312. Leiden: Brill. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctt1w76ws5.16.Google Scholar
Apichat, Satitniramai, and Unno, Anusorn. 2017. “‘Kanmuang Khon Di’: Khwam khit patibatkan lae atalak thang kan mueang khong phu sanabsanun ‘Khabuankan Plianplaeng Prathet Thai’ [‘Good Man's Politics’: Political thoughts, practices and identities of the ‘Change Thailand Movement’ supporters].” Thailand Research Fund (TRF). https://socanth.tu.ac.th/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/apichart-and-anusorn-2560.pdf.Google Scholar
Arnond, Sakworawich. 2022. Sathabankasat: Khwamjing Thi Thuk Bitbuan [The Monarchy: The Truth That Has Been Distorted]. Bangkok: Baan Phra Athit.Google Scholar
Arnond, Sakworawich. 2023. “12 khamtham 13 khamtop yut khaojai pit rueang sapsin phramahakasat [12 questions, 13 answers: stop misunderstanding about the King's assets].” In Ran Arirat Phai [Battle, Enemies of the King, Defeated], 405–428. Bangkok: Pimdeekarnpim.Google Scholar
Borwornsak, Uwanno. 2009. Khwamphit Than “Min Phraborom Dechanuphap”: Ekalak Prachathipatai Thai Nai Krasae Prachathipatai Lok [“Lèse-majesté”: A Distinctive Character of Thai Democracy amidst the Global Democratic Movement]. Nonthaburi: King Prajadhipok Institute. https://kpi.ac.th/knowledge/book/data/398.Google Scholar
Busbridge, Rachel, Moffitt, Benjamin, and Thorburn, Joshua. 2020. “Cultural Marxism: Far-right conspiracy theory in Australia's culture wars.” Social Identities 26(6): 722–738. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504630.2020.1787822.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butter, Michael. 2020. The Nature of Conspiracy Theories. Cambridge: Polity.Google Scholar
Connors, Michael K. 2021. “Towards a history of conservative liberalism in Thailand after the 1932 Siamese revolution: An ideological analysis.” Asian Studies Review: 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/10357823.2021.1973366.Google Scholar
Connors, Michael K., and Ukrist, Pathmanand. 2021. “Introduction: Debating the Bhumibol era.” In Thai Politics in Translation: Monarchy, Democracy and the Supra-constitution, edited by Connors, Michael K. and Pathmanand, Ukrist, 1–17. Copenhagen: NIAS Press.Google Scholar
Contents, Wistfuller. 2023. “Krap Kho Aphai Pen Yang Sung [My sincerest apology].” Facebook, 25 July. https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=310537144817370&set=a.182243777646708.Google Scholar
Dowling, Melissa-Ellen. 2023. “Far-right populism in alt-tech: A challenge for democracy?” New Media & Society 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448231205889.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dulyaphab, Chaturongkul. 2023. “Thailand's ideological struggle: Towards the possibility of depolarizing Thailand's polarized politics.” Journal of Political Ideologies 28(1): 16–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/13569317.2021.1873470.Google Scholar
Eatwell, Roger. 1999. “Introduction: What are political ideologies?” In Contemporary Political Ideologies, edited by Eatwell, Roger and Wright, Anthony, 1–22. 2nd. ed. New York: PINTER.Google Scholar
Flores, Myles. 2022. “The new world order: The historical origins of a dangerous modern conspiracy theory.” Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey, 30 May. https://www.middlebury.edu/institute/academics/centers-initiatives/ctec/ctec-publications/new-world-order-historical-origins-dangerous.Google Scholar
Freeden, Michael. 1996. Ideologies and Political Theory: A Conceptual Approach. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Freeden, Michael. 2013. “The morphological analysis of ideology.” In The Oxford Handbook of Political Ideologies, edited by Freeden, Michael, Sargent, Lyman Tower and Stears, Marc, 115–137. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freeman, Michael. 1996. “Human rights, democracy and ‘Asian values’.” The Pacific Review 9(3): 352–366. https://doi.org/10.1080/09512749608719191.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldstein, Josh A., Sinpeng, Aim, Bush, Daniel, Ewald, Ross, and Jennifer, John. 2020. Cheerleading Without Fans: A Low-Impact Domestic Information Operation by the Royal Thai Army. Stanford Internet Observatory. https://cyber.fsi.stanford.edu/publication/cheerleading-without-fans-low-impact-domestic-information-operation-royal-thai-army.Google Scholar
Hameleers, Michael. 2019. “Putting our own people first: The content and effects of online right-wing populist discourse surrounding the European refugee crisis.” Mass Communication and Society 22(6): 804–826. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2019.1655768.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harb, Ali. 2023. “‘Boogeyman’: Why Republicans invoke Soros to defend Trump.” Aljazeera, 5 April. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/4/5/boogeyman-why-republicans-invoke-soros-to-defend-trump.Google Scholar
Janjira, Sombatpoonsiri. 2020. “‘Authoritarian civil society’: How anti-democracy activism shapes Thailand's autocracy.” Journal of Civil Society 16(4): 333–350. https://doi.org/10.1080/17448689.2020.1854940.Google Scholar
Janjira, Sombatpoonsiri. 2022a. “In denial against democracy: Thailand's royalists see Putin as a ‘decoloniser.’” FULCRUM, 11 May. https://fulcrum.sg/in-denial-against-democracy-thailands-royalists-see-putin-as-a-decoloniser/.Google Scholar
Janjira, Sombatpoonsiri. 2022b. “Thailand's royalist civil society and anti-American turn.” In Global Civil Society in a Geopolitical Age: How Civic Activism Is Being Reshaped by Great Power Competition, edited by Youngs, Richard, 13–19. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. https://carnegie-production-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/static/files/Global_Civil_Society_in_a_Geopolitical_Age3.pdf.Google Scholar
Janjira, Sombatpoonsiri. 2022c. ““We are independent trolls”: The efficacy of royalist digital activism in Thailand.” ISEAS Yusof Ishak Institute, 5 January. https://www.iseas.edu.sg/articles-commentaries/iseas-perspective/2022-1-we-are-independent-trolls-the-efficacy-of-royalist-digital-activism-in-thailand-by-janjira-sombatpoonsiri/.Google Scholar
Jayasuriya, Kanishka. 1998. “Understanding ‘Asian values’ as a form of reactionary modernization.” Contemporary Politics 4(1): 77–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/13569779808449951.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kanokrat, Lertchoosakul. 2020. Jak Muetop Tueng Nokwit: Patthanakan Lae Phonlawat Khong Khabuankan Totan Thaksin [From Clapping Hands to Whistles: Development and Dynamics of the Anti-Thaksin Movement]. Bangkok: Illumination Editions.Google Scholar
Kanokrat, Lertchoosakul. 2021. “The white ribbon movement: High school students in the 2020 Thai youth protests.” Critical Asian Studies 53(2): 206–218. https://doi.org/10.1080/14672715.2021.1883452.Google Scholar
Kasian, Tejapira. 2018. “Rat phan luek, the first Chinese coup lae The Bhumibol Consensus [The deep state, The First Chinese coup and The Bhumibol Consensus].” Prachathai. July 4. https://prachatai.com/journal/2018/07/77684.Google Scholar
Kasian, Tejapira. 2023. “Disguised republic and virtual absolutism: Two inherent conflicting tendencies in the Thai constitutional monarchy.” Southeast Asian Studies 12, Supplementary Issue: 105–126. https://doi.org/10.20495/seas.12.SupplementaryIssue_105.Google Scholar
Kittisak, Sujittarom. 2022. “Becoming Father of the Nation: An Intellectual History of Paternal Monarchy during the Reign of King Bhumibol Adulyadej.” PhD. diss. Waseda University.Google Scholar
Koenig, Melissa. 2023. “A look at the woke DAs fueled and funded by George Soros’ political machine weakening crime policies and letting criminals run amok with no prosecution in America's liberal cities.” Daily Mail UK, 11 June. https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-12183215/Here-woke-DAs-funded-George-Soros-machine-letting-criminals-run-amok.html.Google Scholar
Krämer, Benjamin. 2017. “Populist online practices: The function of the Internet in right-wing populism.” Information, Communication & Society 20(9): 1293–1309. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X/2017.1328520.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lue History. 2021. “Kaennam mop tit khuk jak kan kohet samsak khong tua eng mai chai khwam pit jak matra 112 [Protest leaders are in jail because of their repeated offences, not because of Article 112],” 27 October. https://www.luehistory.com/แกนนำม็อบติดคุกจากการก่อเหตุซ้ำซากของตัวเอง/.Google Scholar
Lue History. 2022a. “‘Seriphap thang wichakan’ krokambang lae khrueangmue chochon khong achayakon thang wichakan [‘Academic freedom,’ a fraudulent shield and tool of academic criminals],” 17 August. https://www.luehistory.com/เสรีภาพทางวิชาการ-เกราะกำบังและเครื่องมือฉ้อฉล-ของอาชญากรทางวิชาการ/.Google Scholar
Lue History. 2022b. “Kan klaoha wa rat Sayam thamlai pasathin takka phitphian jak akhati khong ‘nakwichakan rai janyaban’ [The accusation that the state of Siam destroyed local languages: wrong logic from the biases of ‘academics without ethics’,” 29 September. https://www.luehistory.com/การกล่าวหาว่ารัฐสยามทำลายภาษาถิ่น-ตรรกะผิดเพี้ยนจากอคติของ-นักวิชาการไร้จรรยาบรรณ/.Google Scholar
Lue History. 2022c. “Nailuang sia phasi thaorai khothetjing thi khon riakrong ‘phasi gu’ mai khoei ru [How much tax the King pays: facts the people who demand ‘my tax’ never knew],” 1 December. https://www.luehistory.com/ในหลวงเสียภาษีเท่าไหร่-ข้อเท็จจริงที่คนเรียกร้อง-ภาษีกู-ไม่เคยรู้/.Google Scholar
Lue History. 2023a. “Jotmai poet phanuek thueng nakwichakan phu rai khwam rapphitchop to kotmai korani thon prakantua nai khadi aya Tawan-Bam [Open letter to academics who lack responsibility towards the law, regarding the criminal bail case of Tawan-Bam],” 31 January. https://www.luehistory.com/จดหมายเปิดผนึกถึง-นักวิชาการผู้ไร้ความรับผิดชอบ-กรณีถอนประกันตัวในคดีอาญา-ตะวัน-แบม/.Google Scholar
Lue History. 2023b. “‘Dindaen Sayam mi yu jing’ kham yuenyan jak prawattisat haklang khamklaoha Siam Mapped nangsue wichakan khlueab akhati [‘The land of Siam is real’: proof from history, debunking the accusation of Siam Mapped, an academic book covered with bias],” 14 February. https://www.luehistory.com/ดินแดนสยามมีอยู่จริง-คำยืนยันจากประวัติศาสตร์-หักล้างคำกล่าวหา-siam-mapped/.Google Scholar
Lue History. 2023c. “Mua nailuang song tong sia phasi akon tae samat prarachathan kan chuailuea su sangkhom dai saduak ying khuen jak Po. Ro. Bo. Sapsin Phra Mahakasat 2561 [When the King has to pay taxes but can bestow helps upon society even more conveniently from the Crown Property Act 2018],” 12 June. https://www.luehistory.com/การพระราชทานความช่วยเหลือสู่สังคมอย่างสะดวกยิ่งขึ้นจาก-พ-ร-บ-ทรัพย์สินพระมหากษัตริย์-2561/.Google Scholar
Lue History. 2023d. “Poet konluang khong ‘songkhram la ananikhom’ yukmai thi kamlang thamlai prathetthai doi thi rao mai rutua [Exposing the trickery of the new-era ‘imperialist war’ that is destroying Thailand without us realising it],” 21 July. https://www.luehistory.com/เปิดกลลวงของ-สงครามล่าอาณานิคม-ยุคใหม่-ที่กำลังทำลายประเทศไทย-โดยที่เราแทบไม่รู้ตัว/.Google Scholar
Matichon TV. 2023. “Ek Ok Talk ‘A.Kanokrat-A.Apichat’ palang song jak 62 su prakotkan kaoklai sangkhom Thai theung jut plian samkhan [Ek-Ok talk ‘A.Kanokrat-A.Apichat,’ power from 2019 to the Move Forward phenomenon, Thai society at a crossroad].” YouTube, 1:05:15, 10 June 2023. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q3FS2_7c30I.Google Scholar
McCargo, Duncan. 2021. “Disruptors’ dilemma? Thailand's 2020 Gen Z protests.” Critical Asian Studies 53(2): 175–191. https://doi.org/10.1080/14672715.2021.1876522.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McNay, Lois. 2013. “Contemporary critical theory.” In The Oxford Handbook of Political Ideologies, edited by Freeden, Michael, Sargent, Lyman Tower and Stears, Marc, 138–154. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Melon, . 2022a. “Nak wichakan dang poet lap! Email rua ‘adit phunam kongtap Saharat’ yomrap Israel mi huarop niokhlia ue – thaem lengpao pai Iran! [Famous academic exposes! Leaked email says ‘former US army head’ admits Israel has plenty of nuclear warheads – and they are aimed at Iran!].” Thai Move Institute, 16 July. https://www.thaimoveinstitute.com/48731/.Google Scholar
Melon, . 2022b. “Poet luek ‘Makhrong’ phunam krajok? Chae rangkae pochocho radap lang – tam kon meka! Jo wethi APEC nai Thai chu rabiap lok mai nam doi Saharat [Deep dive into ‘Macron,’ a lame leader? His abuse of lower-class citizens exposed – following America's butt! Promoting the New World Order at the APEC meeting in Thailand].” Thai Move Institute, 22 November. https://www.thaimoveinstitute.com/65253/.Google Scholar
Motoki, Luxmiwattana. 2023. “The pot calling the kettle black: Populism and Thai conservative movements, 2006–2014.” Critical Asian Studies 55(3): 440–462. https://doi.org/10.1080/14672715.2023.2232371.Google Scholar
Nakharin, Mektrairat. 2021. “Political discourse on Thai democracy.” In Thai Politics in Translation: Monarchy, Democracy and the Supra-constitution, edited by Connors, Michael K. and Pathmanand, Ukrist, 64–93. Copenhagen: NIAS Press.Google Scholar
Nanthadet, Meksawat. 2023. “Mummued khong Khana Rat khon run mai tong ru [The dark side of the People's Party that the younger generation must know].” In Ran Arirat Phai [Battle, Enemies of the King, Defeated], 141–226. Bangkok: Pimdeekarnpim.Google Scholar
Nash, George H. 1976. The Conservative Intellectual Movement in America since 1945, second paperback reprint in 2017. Delaware: ISI Books.Google Scholar
Nation Weekly, . 2014. “Truat thaeo ‘Kat Ko Po Po So’ ma jak nai..phai pen phai? [Checking the line of ‘PDRC Guards,’ where they came from, and who's who?],” 9 May, 17.Google Scholar
Nidhi, Eoseewong. 2006. “Rao rak nailuang [We love the King].” Matichon Weekly, 10 February, 33.Google Scholar
Nidhi, Eoseewong. 2008. “Luk jin rak chat [Chinese descendants loving the nation].” Matichon Weekly, 15 August, 25.Google Scholar
O'Sullivan, Noël. 1999. “Conservatism.” In Contemporary Political Ideologies, edited by Eatwell, Roger and Wright, Anthony, 51–79. 2nd. ed. New York: PINTER.Google Scholar
Parks, Miles. 2021. “Outrage as a business model: How Ben Shapiro is using Facebook to build an empire.” NPR, 19 July. https://www.npr.org/2021/07/19/1013793067/outrage-as-a-business-model-how-ben-shapiro-is-using-facebook-to-build-an-empire.Google Scholar
Phinyaphan, Phojanalawan. 2023. “Kasatniyom nai sangkhom suksa: Phraratcha amnatnam nai laksut lae khosop O-NET [Royalism in Social Studies: Royal hegemony in the curriculum and O-NET examination].” In Sangkhom Suksa Thalu Kala [Shattering the Coconut Shell: Towards Critical Social Studies in Thailand], edited by Arporniem, Pii and Praphasanobol, Attaphon, 56–104. Nonthaburi: Parbpim.Google Scholar
Pleo, Singoen. 2023. “Patirup baep patiwat pha rodmap chakyai mop lomlang [Reform like a revolution: Cutting through the roadmap of pulling the strings behind the overthrowing mobs].” In Ran Arirat Phai [Battle, Enemies of the King, Defeated], 329–337. Bangkok: Pimdeekarnpim.Google Scholar
Prajak, Kongkirati. 2005. Laelaeo Khwam Kluean Wai Ko Prakot: Kan Mueang Watthanatham Khong Nak Suksa Lae Panyachon Kon 14 Tula [And Thus the Movement Emerges: Cultural Politics of Students and Intellectuals prior to 14 October]. Bangkok: Thammasat University Press.Google Scholar
Pramuan, Rujanaseri. 2021. “Royal power.” In Thai Politics in Translation: Monarchy, Democracy and the Supra-constitution, edited by Connors, Michael K. and Pathmanand, Ukrist, 165–186. Copenhagen: NIAS Press.Google Scholar
Puangchon, Unchanam. 2020. Royal Capitalism: Wealth, Class, and Monarchy in Thailand. Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Puangthong, Pawakapan. 2013. Rat Lae Khabuankan Anarayasangkhom Thai Nai Korani Prasat Phrawihan [State and Uncivil Society in Thailand at the Temple of Preah Vihear]. Bangkok: Kobfai.Google Scholar
Pye, Oliver, and Schaffar, Wolfram. 2008. “The 2006 anti-Thaksin movement in Thailand: An analysis.” Journal of Contemporary Asia 38 (1): 38–61. https://doi.org/10.1080/00472330701651945.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rat, Bamrungrat. 2014. “Buang luek lut ‘wongnai’ het ‘Toi T-News’ thuk jap? [‘Insider’ leaking the deep reasons ‘Toi T-News’ was arrested?].” Nation Weekly, 14 February, 22.Google Scholar
Robin, Corey. 2011. The Reactionary Mind: Conservatism from Edmund Burke to Sarah Palin. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robison, Richard. 1996. “The politics of ‘Asian values’.” The Pacific Review 9(3): 309–327. https://doi.org/10.1080/09512749608719189.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saichon, Sattayanurak. 2018. “Nak wichakan Thai kap kantosu chuangching khwammai ‘prachathipatai’ nai phawa wikrit thang kan mueang (Po So 2548-2557) [Thai scholars and contesting democracy in Thai society amidst political crisis, 2005–2014].” Thailand Science Research and Innovation. https://elibrary.tsri.or.th/project_content.asp?PJID=RDG5710051.Google Scholar
Saichon, Sattayanurak. 2021. “Historical legacy and the emergence of judicialisation in the Thai State.” In Thai Politics in Translation: Monarchy, Democracy and the Supra-constitution, edited by Connors, Michael K. and Pathmanand, Ukrist, 187–216. Copenhagen: NIAS Press.Google Scholar
Sargent, Lyman T. 1969. Contemporary Political Ideologies: A Comparative Analysis. Homewood: The Dorsey Press.Google Scholar
Sibordee, Nopprasert. 2021. Khwa Phikat(?) Sai: Anurakniyom Thai Bon Thang Songphraeng Khong Kan Mueang Lok Yuk Songkhram Yen [The Right Slays(?) the Left: Thai Conservatism on the Crossroad of World Politics of the Cold War Era]. Bangkok: Matichon.Google Scholar
Somkid, Puttasri. 2020. “Jak arom khwamrusuek haeng yuksamai thueng kan thotthoi thang panya khong anurakniyom Thai: Sonthana kap Saichon Sattayanurak [From emotions of the era to the intellectual decline of Thai conservatism: a conversation with Saichon Sattayanurak].” The 101 World, 17 September. https://www.the101.world/interview-saichol-on-emotional-regimes-and-thai-conservative/.Google Scholar
Sommer, Will. 2023. Trust the Plan: The Rise of QAnon and the Conspiracy That Reshaped the World. London: Harper.Google Scholar
Sonthiyan, Chuenruthainaitham. 2023a. “Chakri wong khong yu khu Thai [The Chakri dynasty stands with Thailand].” In Ran Arirat Phai [Battle, Enemies of the King, Defeated], 9–120. Bangkok: Pimdeekarnpim.Google Scholar
Sonthiyan, Chuenruthainaitham. 2023b. “Phra mahakasat thuk khukkham jak kan mueang jak khana rat thung Thaksin [The King is threatened by politics, from the People's Party to Thaksin].” In Ran Arirat Phai [Battle, Enemies of the King, Defeated], 227–314. Bangkok: Pimdeekarnpim.Google Scholar
Sopranzetti, Claudio. 2024. “From love to fear: Affective governance in times of succession.” In Rama X: the Thai Monarchy under King Vajiralongkorn, edited by Chachavalpongpun, Pavin, 205–234. New Haven: Yale Southeast Asia Studies.Google Scholar
Spencer, Kyle. 2022. “Inside the far-right's fight for college campuses.” RollingStone, 27 November. https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-features/raising-them-right-far-right-fight-college-campus-1234636392/.Google Scholar
Stråth, Bo. 2013. “Ideology and conceptual history.” In The Oxford Handbook of Political Ideologies, edited by Freeden, Michael, Sargent, Lyman Tower and Stears, Marc, 3–19. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Streckfuss, David. 2011. Truth on Trial in Thailand: Defamation, Treason, and Lèse-majesté. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Surapot, Thaweesak. 2019. “Panha puenthan khong anurakniyom bab Thai Thai [Surapot Thaweesak: The basic problem of Thai-style conservatism].” Prachathai, 8 November. https://prachatai.com/journal/2019/11/85071.Google Scholar
Suwinai, Pharanawalai. 2023. “Botrian khabuankan lomlang lomsalai nai thosawat 2560 [Lessons of the overthrow movement's collapse in the 2020s].” In Ran Arirat Phai [Battle, Enemies of the King, Defeated], 429–444. Bangkok: Pimdeekarnpim.Google Scholar
Tanenhaus, Sam. 2023. “How William F. Buckley Jr.'s right-wing college crusade paved the way for Ron DeSantis.” Vanity Fair, 18 May. https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2023/05/william-f-buckley-jr-right-wing-college-movement.Google Scholar
Thai Move Institute. 2023a. “4 pi awasan mop khanarat [4 years end of the People's Party protests].” In Ran Arirat Phai [Battle, Enemies of the King, Defeated], 315–328. Bangkok: Pimdeekarnpim.Google Scholar
Thai Move Institute. 2023b. “Thalaengkan Sathaban Thitthangthai [Statement from Thai Move Institute].” Facebook, 2 September. https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=635410948696166&set=a.589196266650968&paipv=0&eav=AfYyuVAGmBf4dbaeE8C-kYvUzyGnuE5-RaQFkejo_ddjM_ofOi0_ppCPWJq7tYd6qjI&_rdr.Google Scholar
Thai Move Institute. 2023c. “Ro bo. Settha tang prathet lomleo nak [Srettha administration greatly fails in foreign policy].” Facebook, 17 October. https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=659625149608079&set=a.589196266650968.Google Scholar
Thai Post. 2020a. “Mai phlat ‘Parina’ khwae ‘Anand’ khon kae klai pen dek lae naayok thi mai dai ma jak kan lueak tang [‘Parina’ doesn't miss and insults ‘Anand’: the old person becomes a kid, and on unelected Prime Minister],” 1 November. https://www.thaipost.net/main/detail/82445.Google Scholar
Thai Post. 2020b. “Jon Ungphakorn phu kotang iLaw thammai NGO tong rab ngoen tangchat? [Jon Ungphakorn, founder of iLaw: Why NGO has to receive foreign money?],” 12 November. https://www.thaipost.net/main/detail/83555.Google Scholar
Thai Post. 2020c. “Debate ‘Rung’ phai yap! Chao net chi mai tham kanban ‘3 Nio’ woi prakop khu phit kho langta song ‘Kwin-Thanai Anon’ kheun wethi [‘Rung’ loses debate! Netizens point out, not doing her homework, ‘Three Fingers’ says wrong match-up, next time they will send ‘Guin-Lawyer Anon’ instead],” 28 November. https://www.thaipost.net/main/detail/85270.Google Scholar
Thai Post. 2023. “‘Dr. Suphanat’ poetjai sut phitwang ‘Lung Tu’ [‘Dr. Suphanat’ confesses he is very disappointed with ‘Uncle Tu’],” 23 August. https://www.thaipost.net/x-cite-news/435571/.Google Scholar
Thai Rath. 2016. “Phramahakasat ruai thi sut nai lok?! [The King is richest in the world?!].” 5 November. https://www.thairath.co.th/news/foreign/773362.Google Scholar
Thawon, Senniam. 2023. “Khwam jing matra 112 khumkhrong phramahakasat yuenyat prachathipatai [The truth of 112 protecting the King, standing for democracy].” In Ran Arirat Phai [Battle, enemies of the King, defeated], 371–404. Bangkok: Pimdeekarnpim.Google Scholar
Thepmontri, cc. 2023. “Pathombot Khana Rat plon amnat phrajaophaendin 2475 [The prologue of the People's Party, robbing power from the King in 1932].” In Ran Arirat Phai [Battle, enemies of the King, defeated], 123–140. Bangkok: Pimdeekarnpim.Google Scholar
Thongchai, Winichakul. 2016. Thailand's Hyper-royalism: Its Past Success and Present Predicament. ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute.Google Scholar
Thongchai, Winichakul. 2020. Moments of Silence: The Unforgetting of the October 6, 1976, Massacre in Bangkok. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press.Google Scholar
Thorn, Pitidol and Chanon, Techasunthornwat. 2019. “The rise of the Thai upper middle-class and its turn against democracy.” In After the Coup: The National Council for Peace and Order Era and the Future of Thailand, edited by Montesano, Michael J., Chong, Terence and Heng, Mark, 24–57. Singapore: ISEAS Publishing.Google Scholar
Top News. 2024. “Khui poet tua admin pet ‘Lue’ sanoe khothetjing sathabankasat topto khon akatanyu to phaendin [Talking with and revealing the admin of ‘Lue,’ presenting the facts of the monarchy, countering those who are ungrateful to the land].” 26 July. https://www.topnews.co.th/news/1027552?fbclid=IwY2xjawEZmmtleHRuA2FlbQIxMQABHTWanRZLljIFQXRtmmuLmllhyQNXwFUGdJS_ieIvsX6GIoMrUJweEh541A_aem_OqhfvDu8CPaGUBK6kLhT7g.Google Scholar
Tuwanont, Phattharathanasut. 2024. “From bad student to transnational activist: Netiwit Chotiphatphaisal and transnational activism in Northeast and Southeast Asia.” TRaNS: Trans -Regional and -National Studies of Southeast Asia: 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1017/trn.2023.15.Google Scholar
“UK Column – Bias and Credibility.” Media Bias/Fact Check, accessed 30 January, 2024. https://mediabiasfactcheck.com/uk-column/.Google Scholar
Vasuchon, Rakprachathai. 2023. Khwa Sut Khua: Rabop Khon Di Kap Kan Mueang Yuk Prachathipatai Kaplanghan [The Extreme Right: The Good People Regime and Politics in the Era of Turn-around Democracy]. Bangkok: Matichon Books.Google Scholar
Walberg, Alaina. 2023. “Owning the libs: Symbolic negation of #mybodymychoice as a conservative rhetorical strategy.” Communication Studies 74(1): 29–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/10510974.2022.2163675.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wangchagorn, . 2022a. “Chae kan le!! Riphaplikan cheng Demokhraet hai Sorot kwan sue withayu hispaenik 18 haeng lang samong khon latin lang khanaen ding heo [Exposed!! Republicans dunks on Democrats for getting Soros to buy out 18 Hispanic radios to brainwash Latinos after polls plummet].” Thai Move Institute. 10 June. https://www.thaimoveinstitute.com/43575/.Google Scholar
Wangchagorn, . 2022b. “Meka-NATO ratuek!! Putin sang yok radap suek NWO tang naiphon Amagetdon khum 3 laothap thalom Kiaf laek ao khuen [US-NATO in fear!! Putin orders scaling up the war on NWO, ordering General Armageddon to command 3 forces, levelling Kiev as revenge].” Thai Move Institute. 10 October. https://www.thaimoveinstitute.com/60277/.Google Scholar
Wangchagorn, . 2023. “US-UK phawa! Khabuankan Hamas chuenchom jutyuen Ratsia chueaman Putin kae panha Palettine-Itsarael [US-UK fears! Hamas appreciates Russia's position, trusts Putin will solve the Palestine-Israel problem].” Thai Move Institute. 14 October. https://www.thaimoveinstitute.com/97956/.Google Scholar
Wannawiphang, Manachotephong. 2017. “Phuen than thasanakhati lae kan hai khunkha thang sangkhom wathanatham lae kan mueang khong khon Krungthep [The social, cultural, and political base of attitude and values of Bangkok people].” E-Library Thai Research Fund (TRF). https://elibrary.trf.or.th/project_content.asp?PJID=RDG5810005.Google Scholar
Warong, Dechgitvigrom. 2023. “Prathet Thai tong mi nai luang [Thailand must have the King].” In Ran Arirat Phai [Battle, Enemies of the King, Defeated], 445–456. Bangkok: Pimdeekarnpim.Google Scholar
Westmark, Colton R. and Adam M., McMahon. 2022. “Identifying QAnon conspiracy theory adherent types.” New Political Science 44(4): 607–627. https://doi.org/10.1080/07393148.2022.2129927.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wethin, Chatkul. 2023. “Song na phayainsi ru than Amerika bueangna jong rak bueanglang sang dek lomlang [Two faces of the eagle, know the truth of America: respecting in front, creating kids who overthrow in the back].” In Ran Arirat Phai [Battle, Enemies of the King, Defeated], 339–370. Bangkok: Pimdeekarnpim.Google Scholar
Yodtong, . 2023a. “Sue yai saharat chae eng Itsarael thamlai khai phuliphai Palettine phoei chue 4 chat tawantok ja khao khum Gasa hak lai Hamat samret [Major US media self-reports: Israel destroys Palestinian refugee camp, reveals that 4 Western countries will take over Gaza if they are successful in chasing out Hamas].” Thai Move Institute. 3 November. https://www.thaimoveinstitute.com/99001/.Google Scholar
Yodtong, . 2023b. “Naiphon khon samkhan Itsarael saraphap amat khaengkraeng phae yak khana sue dang USA raingan thahan rapjang tangchat sia chiwit wan la 20 [Important Israeli general confesses Hamas is strong and hard to defeat, while major USA news reports 20 foreign mercenaries dying per day].” Thai Move Institute. 9 November. https://www.thaimoveinstitute.com/99333/.Google Scholar
Yodtong, . 2024a. “Putin chekbin hot Farangset! Sanghan thahan rapjang ue – riak thut cheng kha Mosko, sat Itsarael pathuean yoei su hamat maidai – lomleo [Putin brutally deals with France! Killing multiple mercenaries – calls and bashes the ambassador in Moscow, mocks Israel as barbaric but cannot fight Hamas – failed].” Thai Move Institute. 19 January. https://www.thaimoveinstitute.com/102905/.Google Scholar
Yodtong, . 2024b. “Thap Itsarael rasam nak! Pho bo cho kongphan humkro don sanaipoe sanghan khana Hamat jak nuea gasa khluean lai ton pit lom thang tai [Israeli army shaken in fear! Armored battalion commander killed by a Sniper, while Hamas from northern Gaza move to surround the south.” Thai Move Institute. 20 January. https://www.thaimoveinstitute.com/102971/.Google Scholar