Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-swr86 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-22T23:09:49.409Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Psychometric Properties of the Spanish Human System Audit Short-Scale of Transformational Leadership

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 January 2013

Rita Berger*
Affiliation:
Universidad de Barcelona (Spain)
Marina Romeo
Affiliation:
Universidad de Barcelona (Spain)
Joan Guardia
Affiliation:
Universidad de Barcelona (Spain)
Montserrat Yepes
Affiliation:
Universidad de Barcelona (Spain)
Miguel Angel Soria
Affiliation:
Universidad de Barcelona (Spain)
*
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Rita Berger. Department of Social Psychology, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Barcelona. Passeig de la Vall d'Hebron, 171, 08035 Barcelona (Spain). Phone: +34 933125193. Fax: +34 934021366. E-mail: ritaberger@ub.edu

Abstract

The aim of this research is to examine the psychometric properties of a Spanish version of the Human System Audit transformational leadership short-scale (HSA-TFL-ES). It is based on the concept of Bass developed in 1985. The HSA-TFL is a part of the wider Human System Audit frame. We analyzed the HSA-TFL-ES in five different samples with a total number of 1,718 workers at five sectors.

Exploratory Factor Analysis corroborated a single factor in all samples that accounted for 66% to 73% of variance. The internal consistency in all samples was good (α = .92 - .95). Evidence was found for the convergent validity of the HSA-TFL-ES and the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire. These results suggested that the HSA-TFL short-scale is a psychometrically sound measure of this construct and can be used for a combined and first overall measurement.

El objetivo de esta investigación es examinar las propiedades psicométricas de la versión española de la escala corta de Liderazgo Transformacional de la Auditoría del Sistema Humano (HSA-TFL-ES). La escala se basa en el concepto de Liderazgo Transformacional desarrollado por Bass en 1985. La HSA-TFL-ES ha sido administrada a un total de 1,718 trabajadores, distribuidos en cinco muestras diferentes correspondientes a distintos sectores empresariales. El análisis factorial exploratorio corroboró la existencia de un solo factor que explica entre 66% y 73% de la varianza. La consistencia interna obtenida ha sido buena (α = .92 - .95). Además, los resultados obtenidos muestran validez convergente entre la escala HSA-TFL-ES y el Cuestionario Multifactorial de Liderazgo (Multifactorial Leadership Questionnaire - MLQ). Los resultados evidencian que la escala corta HSA es una medida psicométricamente adecuada del constructo de Liderazgo Transformacional, por lo que puede ser utilizada para una primera medición global del mismo.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alimo-Metcalfe, B., & Alban-Metcalfe, J. (2005). The crucial role of leadership in meeting the challenges of change. VISIO!-The Journal of Business Perspective, 9, 2739. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097226290500900205CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aragón-Correa, J. A., García-Morales, V. J., & Cordón-Pozo, E. (2007). Leadership and organizational learning's role on innovation and performance: Lessons from Spain. Industrial Marketing Management, 36, 349359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2005.09.006CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Avolio, B. J., Bass, B. M., & Jung, D. I. (1999). Re-examining the components of transformational and transactional leadership using the multifactor leadership questionnaire. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 72, 441462. http://dx.doi.org/10.1348/096317999166789CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barbuto, J. E. (1997). Taking the charisma out of transformational leadership. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 12, 689697.Google Scholar
Barling, J., Weber, T., & Kelloway, E. K. (1996). Effects of transformational leadership training on attitudinal and financial outcomes: A field experiment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 827832. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0021-9010.81.6.827CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bass, B. M. (1985). Leadership beyond expectations. New York, NY: Free Press.Google Scholar
Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (Eds.) (1994). Improving organizational effectiveness through transformational leadership. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1997). Full range leadership development: manual for the multifactor leadership questionnaire. Palo Alto, CA: Mindgarden.Google Scholar
Bass, B. M., Avolio, B. J., Jung, D. I., & Berson, Y. (2003). Predicting unit performance by assessing transformational and transactional leadership. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 207218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.2.207CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bennis, W. J. (2007). The challenges of leadership in the modern world: Introduction to the special issue. American Psychologist, 62, 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.62.1.2CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berger, R., Yepes, M., & Quijano, S. (2007, May). Leadership and management dimensional structure. Paper presented at the 13th European Congress of Work and Organizational Psychology. Stockholm, Sweden.Google Scholar
Berger, R., Kolbe, L., Quijano, S., Yepes, M., & Romeo, M. (2009, October). Development and analysis of a German version of the HSA Short-scale of Transformational leadership (Human SystemAudit HSA-TFL). Paper presented at the XIth European Conference on Organizational Psychology and Human Service Work, New challenges and interventions in human services. Coimbra, Portugal.Google Scholar
Bycio, P., Hackett, R. D., & Allen, J. S. (1995). Further assessments of Bass's (1985) conceptualization of transactional and transformational leadership. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80, 468478. http://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0021-9010.80.4.468CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carless, S. A. (1998). Assessing the discriminant validity of transformational leader behavior as measured by the MLQ. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 7, 353358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1348/096317901167334CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carless, S. A., Wearing, A. J., & Mann, L. (2000). A short measure of transformational leadership. Journal of Business and Psychology, 14, 389405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022991115523CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conger, J. A., & Kanungo, R. N. (1994). Charismatic leadership in organizations: Perceived behavioural attituded and their measuremant. Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 15, 439452. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1099-1379(200011)21:7<747::AID-JOB46>3.3.CO;2-ACrossRefGoogle Scholar
Den Hartog, D. N., Muijen, J. J., & Koopman, P. L. (1997). Transactional versus transformational leadership: An analysis of the MLQ. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 70, 1934. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1997.tb00628.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dumdum, U. R., Lowe, K. B., & Avolio, B. J. (2002). A meta-analysis of transformational and transactional leadership correlates of effectiveness and satisfaction: An update and extension. In Avolio, B. J. & Yammarino, F. J. (Eds.), Transformational and charismatic leadership: the road ahead (pp. 3566). Amsterdam, The Netherlands: JAI.Google Scholar
European Foundation for Quality Management (2000). Introducing excellence. Retrieved from http://www.efqm.org.Google Scholar
European Network of Organizational Psychologist (1998). European curriculum in W&O psychology. Reference model and minimal standards. E!OP document de travail, 3. Paris, France: Maison des Sciences de l'Homme.Google Scholar
Felfe, J. (2006). Transformationale und charismatische Führung – Stand der Forschung und aktuelle Entwicklungen [Transformational and charismatic leadership – State of the art and current evolutions]. Zeitschrift für Personalpsychologie 5, 163176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1026/1617-6391.5.4.163CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fuller, J. B., Patterson, C. E. P., Hester, K., & Stringer, D. Y. (1996). A quantitative review of research on charismatic leadership. Psychological Reports, 78, 271287. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1996.78.1.271CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geyer, A. L. J., & Steyrer, J. M. (1998). Transformational leadership and objective performance in banks. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 47, 397420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.1998.tb00035.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibbons, P. T. (1992). Impacts of organizational evolution on leadership roles and behaviors. Human Relations, 45, 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001872679204500101CrossRefGoogle Scholar
House, R. J., Hanges, P. J., Javidan, M., Dorfman, P. W., & Gupta, V. (2004). Culture, leadership, and organizations: The GLOBE Study of 62 Societies. New York, NY: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Howell, J. M., Neufeld, B. J., & Avolio, J. (2005). Examining the relationship of leadership and physical distance with business unit performance. The Leadership Quarterly, 16, 273285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.01.004CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hunt, J. G. (1991). Leadership: A new synthesis. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Hunt, J. G. (1999). Transformational/charismatic leadership: An historical essay. The Leadership Quarterly, 10, 129144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1048-9843(99)00015-6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Judge, T. A., & Piccolo, R. F. (2004). Transformational and transactional leadership: A meta-analytic test of their relative validity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89, 755768. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.89.5.755CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jung, D. I., Chow, C., & Wu, A. (2003). The role of transformational leadership in enhancing organizational innovation: Hypotheses and some preliminary findings. The Leadership Quarterly, 14, 525544. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1048-9843(03)00050-XCrossRefGoogle Scholar
López-Zafra, E., & Morales, J. F. (1999). Niveles de análisis en el estudio de liderazgo carismático [Levels of analysis in the study of charismatic leadership]. Revista de Psicología Social, 14, 181198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1174/021347499760259930CrossRefGoogle Scholar
López-Zafra, E., De Amicis, C., & García-Retamero, R. (2005). El Liderazgo transformacional como un proceso grupal: Un análisis desde la perspectiva de género. [Transformational leadership as a group process: An analysis from a gender perspective]. Retrieved from http://www.fedap.es/IberPsicologia/iberpsi10/congreso_lisboa/lopez/lopez.htmGoogle Scholar
Lowe, K. B., Kroeck, K. G., & Sivasubramaniam, N. (1996). Effectiveness correlates of transformation and transactional leadership: A meta-analytic review of the MLQ literature. The Leadership Quarterly, 7, 385425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1048-9843(96)90027-2CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Masi, R. J., & Cooke, R. A. (2000). The effects of transformational leadership on subordinate motivation, empowering norms, and organizational productivity. The International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 8, 1647. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb028909CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Molero, F. (1994). Carisma y Liderazgo carismático: una aproximación empírica desde las perspectivas de Bass y Friedman [Charisma and Charismatic leadership: An empirical view from the perspectives of Bass and Friedman] (Unpublished doctoral thesis). Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain.Google Scholar
Molero, F., Cuadrado, I, Navas, M., & Morales, J. F. (2007). Relations and effects of transformational leadership: A comparative analysis with traditional leadership styles. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 10, 358368.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muck, P. M., Hell, B., & Gosling, S. D. (2007). Construct validation of a short Five- Factor Model Instrument. A self-peer study on the German adaptation of the Ten-Item Personality Inventory (TIPI-G). European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 3, 166175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.23.3.166CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murphy, K. R., & Saal, F. E. (1990). Introduction. In Murphy, K. R. & Saal, F. E. (Eds.), Psychology in organizations: Integrating science and practice (pp. 14). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Nemanicha, L. A., & Keller, R. T. (2007). Transformational leadership in an acquisition: A field study of employees. The Leadership Quarterly, 18, 4968. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2008.11.002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Moorman, R. H., & Fetter, R. (1990). Transformational leader behaviors and their effects on followers' trust in leader, satisfaction and organizational citizenship behaviours. The Leadership Quarterly, 1, 107142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1048-9843(90)90009-7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Paine, J. B., & Bachrach, D. G. (2000). Organizational citizenship behaviors: A critical review of the theoretical and empirical literature and suggestions for future research. Journal of Management, 26, 513563. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0013079CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., & Lee, J. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 879903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Quijano, S. (Ed.). (2006). Dirección de recursos humanos y consultoría en las organizaciones: El ASH (Auditoría del Sistema Humano). [Human resources management and consultancy in organizations: The HSA (Human System Audit)]. Barcelona, Spain: Icaria.Google Scholar
Quijano, S., Berger, R., & Yepes, M. (2005). Technical interim project report of the Project Human System Audit for the Health Care Sector (E/04/B/PP-149162). Leonardo da Vinci Program.Google Scholar
Quijano, S., Yepes, M., Berger, R., Romeo, M., Navarro, J., & Gómez, J. (2007, October). The structure of the construct ‘people results’ according to the EFQM model in the healthcare sector of certain European countries: a cross-cultural study, Paper presented at the Xth ENOP Conference. Kiev, Ukraine.Google Scholar
Quijano, S., Navarro, J., Yepes, M., Berger, R., & Romeo, M. (2008). La auditoría del sistema humano (ASH) para el análisis del comportamiento humano en las organizaciones. [Human System Audit (HSA) for the analysis of human behavior in organizations]. Papeles del Psicólogo, 29, 92106.Google Scholar
Rafferty, A. E., & Griffin, M. A. (2004) Dimensions of transformational leadership: Conceptual and empirical extensions. The Leadership Quarterly, 15, 329354. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2004.02.009CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rowold, J., & Heinitz, K. (2007). Transformational and charismatic leadership: Assessing the convergent, divergent and criterion validity of the MLQ and the CKS. The Leadership Quarterly, 18, 121133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2007.01.003CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shamir, B., House, R., & Arthur, M. (1993). The motivational effects of charismatic leadership: A self-concept-based theory. Organization Science, 4, 577594. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/orsc.4.4.577CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seltzer, J., & Bass, B. M. (1990). Transformational leadership: Beyond initiation and consideration. Journal of Management, 16, 693703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014920639001600403CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tejeda, M. J, Scandura, T. A., & Pillai, R. (2001). The MLQ revisited: psychometric properties and recommendations. The Leadership Quarterly, 12, 3152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1048-9843(01)00063-7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tepper, B. J., & Percy, P. M. (1994). Structural validity of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 54, 734744. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/c160044a010CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tracey, J. B., & Hinkin, T. R. (1998). Transformational leadership or effective managerial practices? Group & Organization Management, 23, 220236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1059601198233002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yammarino, F. J., Spangler, W. D., & Bass, B. M. (1993). Transformational leadership and performance: A longitudinal investigation. The Leadership Quarterly, 4, 81102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yukl, G. (1998). Leadership in organizations (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-HallGoogle Scholar