Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-qsmjn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-20T00:08:05.379Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

INTERGENERATIONAL OCCUPATIONAL MOBILITY IN 19TH-CENTURY SPAIN (VALENCIA), 1841-1870

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 December 2020

Carlos Santiago-Caballero Open the ORCID record for Carlos Santiago-Caballero [Opens in a new window]
Carlos Santiago-Caballero*
Affiliation:
Universidad Carlos III de Madrida
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This paper sheds light on a crucial period of Spanish economic history, analysing changes in intergenerational occupational mobility. We use newly collected empirical evidence from Valencia, a region that followed a path of growth based on agrarian capitalism focused on international markets. We show that occupational mobility improved between 1841 and 1850, but that this situation reversed during the following decades. The opportunities offered to individuals from poorer families quickly disappeared. Put in international perspective, occupational mobility in Valencia was far lower than in other European countries, where both downward and especially upward mobility were considerably higher. By 1870, Valencia had become a polarised society, where the lowest part of the income distribution suffered increasing pauperisation and downward mobility.

Resumen

RESUMEN

Este trabajo analiza los cambios en la movilidad ocupacional intergeneracional durante un periodo crucial en la historia económica de España. Para ello utilizamos nueva evidencia empírica en Valencia, una región que siguió un patrón de crecimiento basado en el capitalismo agrario centrado en los mercados internacionales. Nuestros resultados muestran que la movilidad ocupacional mejoró entre 1841 y 1850, situación que se revirtió durante las siguientes décadas. Las oportunidades ofrecidas a los individuos procedentes de familias pobres desaparecieron rápidamente. Puestos en perspectiva internacional, los niveles de movilidad ocupacional en Valencia eran significativamente menores que en otros países europeos, que experimentaron movilidad hacia abajo y especialmente hacia arriba mucho más altas. En 1870 Valencia se había convertido en una sociedad polarizada, donde la parte más baja de la distribución de ingresos sufrió una creciente pauperización y movilidad hacia abajo.

Keywords

social mobilityinequalityindustrialisationglobalisationD63N33N93014movilidad socialdesigualdadindustrializaciónglobalización
Type
Articles/Artículos
Information
Revista de Historia Economica - Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History , Volume 39 , Issue 2 , September 2021 , pp. 219 - 264
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Instituto Figuerola, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

a

Department of Social Sciences, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Getafe, Madrid, Spain. carlos.santiago@uc3m.es.

References

Alfani, G. (2017): «The Rich in Historical Perspective: Evidence for Preindustrial Europe (ca. 1300-1800)». Cliometrica, 11 (3), pp. 321-348.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alfani, G. (in press): «Economic Inequality in Preindustrial Times: Europe and Beyond». Journal of Economic Literature.Google Scholar
Alfani, G., Ammannati, F., and Balbo, N. (2020): «Pandemics and Social Mobility: The Case of the Black Death». Working Paper.Google Scholar
Álvarez-Nogal, C., and Prados de la Escosura, L. (2013): «The Rise and Fall of Spain (1270-1850)». Economic History Review 66 (1), pp. 1-37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Artola, M. (1983): Antiguo Régimen y Revolución Liberal. Barcelona: Ariel.Google Scholar
Beltrán Tapia, F. J., and Martínez-Galarraga, J. (2015): «Inequality and Poverty in a Developing Economy: Evidence from Regional Data (Spain, 1860-1930)». European Historical Economics Society (EHES), Working Paper 0078.Google Scholar
Boberg-Fazlic, N., and Sharp, P. (2013): «North and South: Social Mobility and Welfare Spending in Preindustrial England». European Historical Economics Society (EHES) Working Paper 37.Google Scholar
Bourdieu, J., Ferrie, J. P., and Kesztenbaum, L. (2009): «Vive la Différence? Intergenerational Mobility in France and the United States during the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries». Journal of Interdisciplinary History 39 (4), pp. 523-557.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brea-Martínez, G., and Pujadas-Mora, J. M. (2019). «Estimating Long-Term Socioeconomic Inequality in Southern Europe: The Barcelona Area, 1481-1880». European Review of Economic History 23(4), 397-420.Google Scholar
Brines i Blasco, J. (1978): «Reforma agraria y desamortización en la España del siglo XIX». Estudis: Revista de Historia Moderna 7 (1), pp. 125-154.Google Scholar
Calatayud Giner, S., Millán, J., and Romero Mateo, M. C. (1992): «Les transformacions de la societat agrària en el procés de desenvolupament capitalista: el regadiu valencià el segle XIX.» Recerques: Història, Economia, Cultura 25, pp. 125-138.Google Scholar
Chetty, R., Hendren, N., Kilne, P., and Saez, E. (2014): «Where is the Land of Opportunity? The Geography of Intergenerational Mobility in the United States». The Quarterly Journal of Economics 129 (4), pp. 1553-1623.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, G., and Cummins, N. (2014): «Intergenerational Wealth Mobility in England, 1858-2012: Surnames and Social Mobility». The Economic Journal 125 (582), pp. 61-85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collado, M. D., Ortuño-Ortín, I., and Romeu, A. (2012): «Long-run Intergenerational Social Mobility and the Distribution of Surnames». Manuscript, Universidad de Alicante.Google Scholar
Corak, M., and Heisz, A. (1999): «The Intergenerational Earnings and Income Mobility of Canadian Men: Evidence from Longitudinal Income Tax Data». Journal of Human Resources 9 (3), pp. 504-533.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dahl, M., and DeLeire, T. (2008): «The Association Between Children's Earnings and Fathers’ Lifetime Earnings: Estimates Using Administrative Data». University of Wisconsin-Madison Discussion Paper N° 1342-08, Institute for Research on Poverty.Google Scholar
Dribe, M., Helgertz, J., and Van De Putte, B. (2015): «Did Social Mobility Increase During the Industrialization Process? A Micro-Level Study of a Transforming Community in Southern Sweden 1828-1968». Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 41 (1), pp. 25-39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Espín-Sánchez, J. A., Gil-Guirado, S., Giraldo-Páez, W. D., and Vickers, C. (2019): «Labor Income Inequality in Pre-Industrial Mediterranean Spain: The City of Murcia in the 18th Century». Explorations in Economic History 73 (1), 101274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Espín-Sánchez, J. A., Gil-Guirado, S., and Vickers, C. (2020): «La «Doña» è Mobile: The Role of Women in Social Mobility in a Pre-modern Economy». Economic Growth Center Working Papers 7-2020, Yale University.Google Scholar
Esteban, J.M., and Ray, D. (1994): «On the Measurement of Polarization». Econometrica 62 (4), pp. 819-851.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Favre, G., Floris, J., and Woitek, U. (2018): «Intergenerational Mobility in the 19th Century: Micro-level Evidence from the City of Zurich». University of Zurich, Department of Economics, Working Paper 274.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fernández, E., and Santiago-Caballero, C. (2018): «Economic Inequality in Madrid, 1500-1840.» Working Papers in Economic History, No. 27072, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid. Instituto Figuerola.Google Scholar
Furió, A. (1995): Història del país valencià. Valencia: Edicions Alfons El Magnànim.Google Scholar
Ganzeboom, H. B. G., and Treiman, D. J. (1996): «Internationally Comparable Measures of Occupational Status for the 1988 International Standard Classification of Occupations». Social Science Research 25 (3), pp. 201-239. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/0049089X/25/3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
García-Montero, H. (2020): «Wealth Inequality in Catalonia, 1400-1800. Sources, Data and a Case Study», in Nigro, G. (ed.), Disuguaglianza economica nelle società preindustriali: Cause ed effetti/Economic Inequality in Pre-Industrial Societies: Causes and Effect. Florence: Firenze University Press, pp. 115-130.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hauser, R. M. A. (1978): «Structural Model of the Mobility Table». Social Forces 56 (3), pp. 919-953.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hout, M., and DiPrete, T. A. (2006): «What We Have Learned: RC28's Contributions to Knowledge About Social Stratification». Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 24 (1), pp. 1-20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lambert, P. S., Zijdeman, R. L., Van Leeuwen, M. H., Maas, I., and Prandy, K. (2013): «The Construction of HISCAM: A Stratification Scale Based on Social Interactions for Historical Comparative Research». Historical Methods: A Journal of Quantitative and Interdisciplinary History 46 (2), pp. 77-89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Long, J. (2013): «The Surprising Social Mobility of Victorian Britain». European Review of Economic History, 17 (1), pp. 1-23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Long, J., and Ferrie, J. (2013): «Intergenerational Occupational Mobility in Britain and the US since 1850». American Economic Review 103 (4), pp. 1109-1137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maas, I., and Van Leeuwen, M. H. (2002): «Industrialization and Intergenerational Mobility in Sweden». Acta Sociologica 45 (3), pp. 179-194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martínez Carrión, J. M., and Pérez Castejón, J. J. (1998): «Height and Standards of Living during the Industrialisation of Spain: The Case of Elche». European Review of Economic History 2 (2), pp. 201-230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miles, A. (1992): «Occupational and Social Mobility in England, 1839-1914». University of Keele, PhD dissertation.Google Scholar
Miles, A. (1999): Social Mobility in Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century England. New York: St. Martin's Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitch, D. (1993): ««Inequalities which Every Man May Remove»: Occupational Recruitment, Endogamy, and the Homogeneity of Social Origins in Victorian England», in Miles, A., and Vincent, D. (eds.), Building European Society: Occupational Change and Social Mobility in Europe, 1840-1940. New York: Manchester University Press, pp. 140-164.Google Scholar
Moonen, L., and Van Den Brakel, M. (2011): Measuring Intergenerational Income Mobility. The Hague: Statistics Netherlands.Google Scholar
Nicolini, E. A., and Ramos Palencia, F. (2016a): «Comparing Income and Wealth Inequality in Pre-Industrial Economies: Lessons from 18th-Century Spain.» European Historical Economics Society Working Papers in Economic History, 56.Google Scholar
Nicolini, E. A., and Ramos Palencia, F. (2016b): «Decomposing Income Inequality in a Backward Pre-Industrial Economy: Old Castile (Spain) in the Middle of the Eighteenth Century.» The Economic History Review 69 (3), pp. 747-772.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olivetti, C., and Paserman, M. D. (2015): «In the Name of the Son (and the Daughter): Intergenerational Mobility in the United States, 1850-1940». American Economic Review 105 (8), pp. 2695-2724.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palafox, J. (1984): «La economía valenciana en los siglos XIX y XX». Papeles de Economía Española 20, pp. 319-332.Google Scholar
Peña, D., and Sánchez-Albornoz, N. (1984): «Wheat Prices in Spain, 1857-1890: An Application of the Box-Jenkins Methodology». Journal of European Economic History 13 (2), pp. 353-373.Google Scholar
Polavieja, J.G. (forthcoming): «Grandes datos, grandes sesgos, grandes errores. Sobre el Atlas de Oportunidades». Revista Internacional de Sociología 78 (3), pp. 1-7.Google Scholar
Prados de la Escosura, L. (1994): «Terms of Trade and Backwardness: Testing the Prebisch Doctrine for Spain and Britain during Industrialization». Universidad Carlos III Working Papers Series 94/46.Google Scholar
Prados de la Escosura, L. (2017): Spanish Economic Growth, 1850-2015. London: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Puche, J., and Cañabate-Cabezuelos, J. (2016): «Did Physical Stature Diminish During Spain's Early Industrialisation? The Case of Alcoy, 1840-1915». Revista de Historia Industrial 64, pp. 119-147.Google Scholar
Pujadas-Mora, J. M., Brea-Martínez, G., Jordà Sánchez, J. P., and Cabré, A. (2018): «The Apple Never Falls far From the Tree: Siblings and Intergenerational Transmission among Farmers and Artisans in the Barcelona Area in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries». The History of the Family 23 (4), pp. 533-567.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reher, D. S., Perez Moreda, V., and Bernabeu Mestre, J. (1997): «Assessing Change in Historical Contexts: Childhood Mortality Patterns in Spain During the Demographic Transition», in Corsini, C. A., and Viazzo, P. P. (eds.), Long-term Study of Infant and Child Mortality. The European Experience, 1750-1990. The Hague: Kluwer Law International, pp. 35-56.Google Scholar
Romero, J., and Cucó, A. (1979): «La estructura de la propiedad de la tierra y los cultivos en la Ribera Baixa durante el siglo XIX: el caso de Cullera». Cuadernos de Geografía 24 (1), pp. 55-78.Google Scholar
Rosés, J. R., Martínez-Galarraga, J., and Tirado, D. A. (2010): «The Upswing of Regional Income Inequality in Spain (1860-1930)». Explorations in Economic History 47 (2), pp. 244-257.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ros Navarro, C. (2004): «Les Estrategies familiars i la mobilitat social dels menestrals a Catalunya, segles XVII-XIX. El cas de Mataró». Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Doctoral dissertation.Google Scholar
Saiz González, J. P. (1996): «Las patentes y la economía española:(1826-1878)», Oficina Española de Patentes y Marcas. Documento de trabajo 9606.Google Scholar
Santiago-Caballero, C. (2011): «Income Inequality in Central Spain, 1690-1800». Explorations in Economic History 48 (1), pp. 83-96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Santiago-Caballero, C. (forthcoming): «Domestic Migrations in Spain during its First Industrialization, 1840s-1870s». Cliometrica.Google Scholar
Tedde, P. (1994): «Cambio institucional y cambio económico en la España del siglo XIX». Revista de Historia Económica XII (3), pp. 525-538.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Treiman, D. J. (1977): Occupational Prestige in Comparative Perspective. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Valero Escandell, J. R. (1986): «La implantación del registro civil en España (problemas de utilización en estudios demográficos)». In Anales de la Universidad de Alicante. Historia contemporánea 5, pp. 87-100.Google Scholar
Van Bavel, J., Moreels, S., Van De Putte, B., and Matthijs, K. (2011): «Family Size and Intergenerational Social Mobility during the Fertility Transition: Evidence of Resource Dilution from the City of Antwerp in Nineteenth Century Belgium». Demographic Research 24, pp. 313-344.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Leeuwen, M. H. D., and Maas, I. (2011): HISCLASS. A Historical International Social Class Scheme. Leuven: Leuven University Press.Google Scholar
Villabona Blanco, M. (1993): La desamortización eclesiástica en la provincia de Murcia (1835-1855). Murcia: Real Academia Alfonso X el Sabio.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Santiago-Caballero Supplementary Materials

Santiago-Caballero Supplementary Materials

Download Santiago-Caballero Supplementary Materials(File)
File 344.6 KB