Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-94fs2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-18T15:27:02.025Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Sources for the First Century of Islam*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 March 2016

Michael G. Morony
Michael G. Morony*
Affiliation:
University of California at Los Anqeles
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

It may be surprising that there is so much to say about a period that is supposed to be poor in sources. The impression of a lack of primary and reliable secondary sources for the first century of Islam has been created by the issue of the usability of Arabic literary materials that are admittedly secondary. Indeed, the authenticity of the entire Arabic literary corpus, when it deals with matters in the first century and one-half of Islam, has been undermined by the skepticism of Western scholars based on its internal contradictions, on the partisan biases of the transmitters, on the anachronous projections of later issues and legal theories back to an earlier period, on the fictional and legendary quality of its anecdotal elements, and on assumptions about the nature of oral composition and transmission. Such criticism has led to a rather late dating of the use of writing for literature and of the use of the isnād especially associated with the Schacht thesis, as well as to views that saw Islamic historical composition originating in commentaries on the Qur’ān and poetry.

Type
Research Article
Information
Review of Middle East Studies , Volume 12 , Issue 3 , December 1978 , pp. 19 - 28
Copyright
Copyright © Middle East Studies Association of North America 1978

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

*

A paper presented at the American Historical Association’s Ninety-Second Annual Meeting at Dallas, Texas, December 1977.

References

Footnotes

1. Schacht, J., “A Revaluation of Islamic Traditions,” JRAS, 143–154, 1949Google Scholar. For more recent criticism based on the repetition of motifs, see Noth, A., Quellenkritische Studien za Themen, Formen und Tendenzen frühisiamischer Geschichtsüberlisferung (Bonn: 1973).Google Scholar

2. Abbott, N., Studies in Arabic Literary Papyri (Chicago, 1957, 1967).Google Scholar

3. Cahen, C., “Note sur l’utilisation des ouvrages de droit musulmane pour l’histoire,” Atti del Terzio Congresso di Studi arabi ed islamici (Naples, 1967).Google Scholar

4. Duri, A.A., “Al-Zuhri: A Study on the Beginnings of History Writing in Islam,” BSOAS, 19:1–12, 1957.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

5. Sezgin, U., Abū Mihnaf: Ein Beitrag zur Historiographie der Umaiyadischen Zeit (Leiden, 1971).Google Scholar

6. Muranyi, M., Die Prophetengenossen in der Frühislamische Geschichte (Bonn, 1973).Google Scholar

7. Petersen, E.L., сAlī and Muсāwiya in Early Arabic Tradition (Copenhagen, 1964).Google Scholar

8. Hinds, M., “The Siffin Arbitration Agreement,” Journal of Semetic Studies, 17:93–129, 1972.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

9. Schmucker, W., Untersuchungen zu einigen Wichtigen Bodenrechtlichen Konsequenzen der Islamischen Eroberungsbewegung (Bonn, 1972).Google Scholar

10. Combe, , Sauvaget, and Wiet, , Répertoire chronologique d’epigraphie arabe (Cairo, 1931)Google Scholar, list several first-century inscriptions. See also: Abbott, N., “The Ḳaṣr ḵharāna Inscription of 92 H (710 A.D.), A New Reading,” Ars Islamīca, 11–12, 1946; 190–195, 1946Google Scholar; and Sharon, M., “An Arabic Inscription from the Time of сAbd al-Malik,” BSOAS, 29:367–372, 1966.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

11. Hawari, H.W. and Rached, H., Stèles funéraires (Cairo, 1932).Google Scholar

12. Curiel, R., “Monnaes Arabo-Sasanides,” Revue Numismatic Français 321–328, 1965; 61–69, 1966; 103–116, 1967Google Scholar; Gaube, H., Arabo-Sasanidische Numismatik (Braunschweig, 1973)Google Scholar; Kirkbride, A.S., “Coins of the Byzantine-Arab Transition Period,” QDAP, 13:59–63, 1947-48Google Scholar; Lavoix, H., Catalogue des monnaies musulmanes de la Bibliothèque nationale: Khalifes orientaux (Paris, 1887)Google Scholar; Miles, G., “Some Arab-Sasanian and Related Coins,” Museum Notes (The American Numismatic Society), 7:187–209, 1957Google Scholar; Ibid., “Some Early Arab Dinars,” Museum Notes, 3:93–114, 1948Google Scholar; Naqshabandī, N.M., ad-Dirham al-Islāmī, al-Juz’ al-Awwal: ad-Dirham al-Islāmī al-Madrūb сalā t-Tirāz as-Sāsānī (Baghdad, 1389/1969)Google Scholar; Walker, J., A Catalogue of the Arab-Byzantine and Post-Reform Umaiyad Coins (London, 1956)Google Scholar; Ibid., A Catalogue of the Arab-Sassanian Coins (London, 1941)Google Scholar; Ibid., “Some New Arab-Sassanian Coins,” Numismatic Chronicle, 6th ser., 11:106–110, 1952.Google Scholar

13. Miles, G., “A Byzantine Bronze Weight in the Name of Biṡr b. Marwān,” Arabica, 9:113–118, 1962CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Ibid., “Early Islamic Glass Weights and Measures in Muntaza Palace, Alexandria,” JARCE, 3: 105–113, 1964CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Ibid., Early Arabic Glass Weights and Stamps (New York, 1948)Google Scholar, Supplement (1951); Ibid., Contributions to Arabic Metrology (New York, 1958).Google Scholar

14. Launois, A., “Deux estampilles et un gros poids Omeyyades en verre,” JA, 187–311, 1958.Google Scholar

15. Abbott, N., “Arabie Paleography,” Ars Islamica, 8:65–104, 1941.Google Scholar

16. Introductory bibliographies and catalogues may be found in Abbott, N., Studies in Arabic Literary Papyri; and Grohmann, A., From the World of Arabic Papyri (Cairo, 1952).Google Scholar

17. Abbott, N., “A New Papyrus and a Review of the Administration of сUbaid Allāh b. al-Ḥabhāb,” Arabic and Islamic Studies in Honour of Hamilton A. R. Gibb, ed. Makdisi, G. (Leiden, 1965), 21–35Google Scholar; Lammens, H., “Un gouverneur Omaiyade d’Egypt; Qorra ibn Sarīk, d’après les papyrus arabes,” Bulletin de l’Institut egyptien, Sér. V, t. 2, pp. 99–115.Google Scholar

18. Introductions to contemporary Greek materials are given by Constantelos, D.J., “The Moslem Conquests of the Near East As Revealed in the Greek Sources of the Seventh and the Eighth Centuries,” Byzantion, 42:325–357, 1972Google Scholar; and by Kaegi, W.E., “Initial Byzantine Reactions to the Arab Conquest,” Church History, 38:139–149, 1969CrossRefGoogle Scholar. See also Schwabe, M., “Khirbat Mafjar: Greek Inscribed Fragments,” QDAP, 12:20–23, 1945-1946.Google Scholar

19. Brock, S.P., “Syriac Sources for Seventh-Century History,” Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies, 17–36, 1976.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

20. Gibb, H.A.R., “Chinese Records of the Arabs in Central Asia,” BSOAS, 2:613–622, 1923.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

21. Theophanes, , Chronographia, ed. Boor, de (Leipzig, 1883).Google Scholar

22. Nisibeni, Eliae Metropolitae, Opus Chronologicum, CSCO, 62–63 (Louvain, 1954).Google Scholar

23. Chabot, J.B., Chronique de Denys de Tell-Mahré (Paris, 1895).Google Scholar

24. Ibid., Chronique de Michel le Syrien (Paris, 1899-1910).Google Scholar

25. Abbeloos, J.B. and Lamy, T.J., Gregorii Barhebraei Chronicon Ecclesiasticum (Louvain, 1872, 1877)Google Scholar; Bedjan, P., Gregorii Barhebraei Chronicon Syriacum, tr. Budge, E.A.W. (Paris, 1890)Google Scholar; and The Chronography of Barhebraeus (Oxford, 1932).Google Scholar

26. Budge, E.A.W., The Book of the Governors, The Historia Monastica of Thomas, Bishop of Marghâ (London, 1893).Google Scholar

27. Scher, A., “Histoire nestorienne (Chronique de Séert),” Patrologia Orientalis, 13:435–639, 1919.Google Scholar

28. Agapius of Manbidj, Kitāb al-сUnwān, CSCO, Sariptores Arabici, Vol. 10; and Patrologia Orientalis, Vols. 5, 7, Pt. 4; Vol. 8, Pt. 3.

29. Severus b. al-Muqaffaс, History of the Patriarchs of the Coptic Church of Alexandria, ed./tr. B. Evetts Patrologia Orientalis, Vols. 1, 5, 10; and CSCO, Sariptores Arabici, Vol. 9.

30. Gismondi, H., Maris Amri et Slibae, de Patriarchis Nestorianorum Commentaria (Rome, 1899).Google Scholar

31. Al-Qirqisanī, , Kitāb al-Anwār wa l-Maraqīb, ed. Nemoy, L. (New York, 1936-1943)Google Scholar. See also Nemoy, L., “Al-Qirqisanī‘s Account of the Jewish Sects and Christianity,” Hebrew Union College Annual, 7:317–397, 1930.Google Scholar

32. Gaon, Sherira, Iggeret R. Scherira Gaon in franzoesichen und spanischen Version, ed. Lewin, B.M. (Haifa, 1921)Google Scholar; and Neubauer, , Medieval Jewish Chronicles, Vol. I, 1–46.Google Scholar

33. Daud, Abraham ibn, The Book of Tradition (Sefer ha-Qabbalah), ed./tr. Cohen, G.D. (London, 1967).Google Scholar

34. Sebêos, , Histoire d’Heraclius, tr. Macler, F. (Paris, 1904).Google Scholar

35. Guidi, I., “Chronica Minora I,” CSCO, 1, 2; tr. Nöldeke, T., “Die von Guidi herausgegebene syrische Chronik,” Sitzungsberichte der Philosophisch-Historischen Classe der Kaiserliche Akademie der Wissenschaften, 128:1–48, 1893.Google Scholar

36. Mingana, A., Sources Syriaques, 1 (Leipzig, 1908).Google Scholar

37. The Coptic chronicle of John of Nikiu survives only in an Ethiopie version translated by Zotenberg, H., Chronique de Jean èvêque de Nikiou (Paris, 1883)Google Scholar; and Charles, R.H., The Chronicle of John, Bishop of Nikiu (London, 1916).Google Scholar

38. Segel, J.B., “Syriac Chronicles As Source Material for the History of Islamic Peoples,” Historians of the Middle East, ed. Lewis and Holt (London, 1964).Google Scholar

39. Cahen, C., “Fiscalité, Proprieté, antagonismes sociaux an Haute-Mésopotamie au temps des Premiers сAbbāsides d’après Denys de Tell-Mahré,” Arabica, 1:136–152, 1954CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Native Christian materials have been used more recently by Lapidus, I.M., “The Conversion of Egypt to Islam,” Israel Oriental Studies, 11:248–262.Google Scholar

40. Chozebites, Antonios, “Vita S. Georgii Chozebitae,” Analecta Bollandiana, 7, 1888.Google Scholar

41. Nau, F., “Histoires d’Aboudemmeh et de Marouta, métropolitains Jacobites de Tagrit et de l’Orient,” Patrologia Orientalis, 3: 7–96, 1909.Google Scholar

42. Budge, E.A.W., The Histories of Rabban Hormizd the Persian and Rabban bar Idta (London, 1902).Google Scholar

43. Brock, S., “An Early Syriac Life of Maximus the Confessor,” Analecta Bollandiana, 91:299–346, 1973.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

44. Chabot, J.B., “Le livre de la chasteté,” Mélanges d’archeologie et d’histoire, 16:1–80, 225–293, 1896Google Scholar.

45. Newby, C., “An Example of Coptic Literary Influence on Ibn Isḥāq’s Sirah,” JNES, 31:22–28, 1972.Google Scholar

46. Crum, W.E. and Bell, H.I., Wadi Sarga. Coptic and Greek Texts from the Excavations Undertaken by the Byzantine Research Account, Coptica, 3, 1922Google Scholar; De Vis, H., “Sermon de Benjamin sur les Noces de Cana,” Coptica, 1:53–106, 1922Google Scholar; Ibid., “Deux sermons de Zacharie évêque de Shôoui,” Coptica, 5:1–59, 1929Google Scholar; Anastasios Sinaites, “Sermo No. 3,” MPG, 89; St. Maximos the Confessor, “Epistle No. 14, ad Petrum illustrem,” MPG, 91.

47. Sophronios, MPG, 87; Usener, H., “Weinachts predigt des Sophronios,” Reinisches Museum für Philologie, 4:500–516, 1886.Google Scholar

48. Duval, R., “Īshōсyabh Patriarchae III, Liber Epistularum,” CSCO, 11, 12, 1955Google Scholar; Scott-Moncrieff, P., The Book of Consolations or the Pastoral Epistles of Mâr Īshōс-Yahbh of Kuphlana in Adiabene (London, 1904).Google Scholar

49. V. Ryssel, Georgs des Araber bischof. Gedichte und Briefe.

50. Bell, H.I., The Aphrodito Papyri (London, 1910)Google Scholar; Ibid., “The Administration of Egypt Under the Umayyad Caliphs,” Byzantinische Zeitschrift, 28:278–286, 1928CrossRefGoogle Scholar. See also Grohmann, A., “Greek Papyri of the Early Islamic Period in the Collection of Archduke Rainer,” Études de papyrologie, 1957.Google Scholar

51. Sherwood, P., “St. Maximus the Confessor,” The Ascetic Life. The Four Centuries on Charity (London, 1955)Google Scholar.

52. Wensinck, A.J., “Mystic Treatises by Isaac of Nineveh,” Verhandelingen der Koniriklijke Akademis van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam, 23, 1923.Google Scholar

53. Ḥazzāya, Joseph, “Treatise on the Shortest Path that Brings us Near to God,” Woodbrooke Studies [A. Mingana], 7:178–184, 256–261 (Cambridge, 1934).Google Scholar

54. Alexander, P., “Medieval Apocalypses as Historical Sources,” AHR, 73:997–1018, 1968.Google Scholar

55. Montgomery, J.A., Aramaic Incantation Texts from Nippur (Philadelphia, 1913)Google Scholar; Pognon, H., Inscriptions mandaites des coupes de Khouabir (Paris, 1898)Google Scholar; Teixidor, J., “The Syriac Incantation Bowls in the Iraq Museum,” Sumer, 18:51–62, 1967Google Scholar. Yamauchi, E.M., Mandaic Incantation Texts (New Haven, 1967)Google Scholar has a good introductory bibliography on Mandaica. See also Pallis, , Essay on Mandaean Bibliography, 1560–1930 (Amsterdam, 1974).Google Scholar

56. Lidzbarski, M., Ginza: Der Schatz oder das grosse Buch der Mandäer; Rudolph, K., “Problems of a History of the Development of the Mandaean Religion,” History of Religions, 8:210–235, 1969Google Scholar. The oldest parts of the Ginza belong to the late first century A.H. For possible Mandaean elements in early ghulāt Shīсism, see Tucker, W.F., “Rebels and Gnostics: al-Muġīra Ibn Saсīd and the Muġīriyya, Arabica, 22:33–47, 1972.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

57. Chabot, J.B., Synodicon Orientale (Paris, 1902).Google Scholar

58. Sachau, E., Syrische Rechtsbücher, 2 (Berlin, 1907).Google Scholar

59. Crum, W.E. and Steindorff, , Koptische Rechtsurkunden des achten Jahrhunderts aus Djêms (Theben) (Leipzig, 1912).Google Scholar

60. Assaf, S., Tequfat ha-Geonim we-Sifrutah (Jerusalem, 1955)Google Scholar; Ibid., Responsa Geonica; L. Ginsberg, Geonica (New York, 1909); Harkavy, , Responsen der Geonim (Berlin, 1887)Google Scholar. On the use of this material, see Mann, J., “The Responsa of the Babylonian Geonim as a Source of Jewish History,” Jewish Quarterly Review, 7:457–490, 1916-17; 8:339–366, 1917-18; 9:139–179, 1918-19; 10:121–151, 309–365, 1919-20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

61. de Lorey, E., “Les Mosaiques de la mosquée des Omayyades a Damas,” Syria, 12:326–349, 1931CrossRefGoogle Scholar; M. van Berchem, Notes archéologiques sur la mosquée des Omayyades; Franz, G.H., “Architekturdarstellungen auf den Mosaiken der Omayyadenmoschee in Damascus,” Aus der Welt der Islamischen Kunst, ed. Kühnel, , pp. 41–47.Google Scholar

62. Grabar, O., “The Umayyad Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem,” Ars Orientalis, 3:33–62, 1959.Google Scholar

63. al-Husaini, M.B., “Al-Ukhaidhir,” Sumer, 22:79–94, 1966.Google Scholar

64. Gaube, H., Ein arabischer Palast in Südsyrien: Hirbet el-Baida (Beirut, 1974).Google Scholar

65. Chehab, M., “The Umayyad Palace at сAnjar,” Ars Orientalis, 5:17–25, 1963.Google Scholar

66. Kühnel, E., “Some Notes of the Façade of Mshattā,” Studies in Islamic Art and Architecture in Honour of Professor K.A.C. Creswell, ed. Geddes, C.L. (London, 1965), pp. 132–146.Google Scholar

67. Creswell, K.A.C., Early Muslim Architecture (Oxford, 1969).Google Scholar

68. de Lorey, E., “l’Hellénisme et l’Orient dans les Mosaiques de la Mosquée des Omaiyads,” Ars Islamica, 1:22–45, 1934.Google Scholar

69. Grabar, O., “The Earliest Islamic Commemorative Structures, Notes and Documents,” Ars Orientalis, 6:7–46, 1966.Google Scholar

70. Ettinghausen, R., From Byzantium to Sasanian Iran and the Islamic World, Three Modes of Artistic Influence (Leiden, 1972).Google Scholar

71. Grabar, O., “Umayyad ‘Palace’ and the сAbbasid ‘Revolution’,” Studia Islamica, 18:5–18, 1963.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

72. Ibid., “Three Seasons of Excavations at Qaṣr al-Ḥayr Sharqi,” Ars Orientalis, 8:65–85, 1970; Holod-Tretiak, R., “Qaṣr al-Ḥayr al-Sharqi. A Mediaeval Town in Syria,” Archaeology, 23:221–251, 1970Google Scholar; Grabar, O., Holod, R., Knustad, J., Trousdale, W., City in the Desert, Qaṣr al-Hayr East (Harvard, 1978)Google Scholar; Schlumberger, D., “Les fouilles de Qaṣr el-Heir el-Gharbi (1936–1938),” Syria, 20: 195–238, 1939.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

73. Baramki, D.C., Excavations at Khiroet el-Mefjer; Grabar, O., “The Umayyad Palace at Khirbat el-Mafjar,” Archaeology, 6:228–235, 1955Google Scholar; Hamilton, R.W., Khirbat al-Mafjar, An Arabian Mansion in the Jordan Valley (Oxford, 1959).Google Scholar

74. Puttrich-Reignard, O. and Schneider, A.M., Ein frühislamischer Bau am See Genesareth. Zwei Berichte über die Grabung auf Chirbet el-Minje (Köln, 1937).Google Scholar

75. Rice, D.T., “Hīra,” JRCAS, 19:254–268, 1932Google Scholar; Ibid., “The Oxford Excavations at Hīra, 1931,” Antiquity, 6:276–291, 1932; Ibid., “The Oxford Excavations at Hīra,” Ars Islamica, 1:51–73, 1934.

76. Gullini, G., “First Report of the Results of the First Excavation Campaign at Seleucia and Ctesiphon (1st October- 17th December, 1964),” Sumer, 20:63–65, 1964Google Scholar; E. Kühnel, Die Ausgrabungen der Zweiten Ktesiphon-Expedition (1931–32); O. Reuther, Die Ausgrabungen der Deutschen Ktesiphon-Expedition, 1928–29.

77. Mustafa, M.A., “Excavations at Kufa,” Sumer, 10:73–85, 1954; 12:3–32, 1956Google Scholar; Ibid., “Preliminary Report on the Excavations in Kufa During the Third Season,” Sumer, 19:36–65, 1963.

78. Whitehouse, D., “Excavations at Sirāf,” Iran, 6:1–22, 1968; 7:39–62, 1969; 8:1–18, 1970; 10:63–88, 1972; 12:1–30, 1974.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

79. Hamilton, R.W., “Khirbat Mafjar. Stone Sculpture, I,” QDAP, 11: 47–66, 1944; II, 12:1–19, 1945-46Google Scholar; Ibid., “Plaster Balustrades from Khirbat al-Mafjar,” QDAP, 13:1–58, 1947–48; Ibid., “Carved Plaster in Umayyad Architecture,” Iraq, 15:43–55, 1953.

80. Schlumberger, D., “Les origines antiques de l’art Islamiques à la lumière des fouilles de Qaṣr el-Heir,” Syria, 20 (1939).Google Scholar

81. Whitehouse, D., “Sirāf: A Sasanian Port,” Antiquity, 45:262–266, 1971.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

82. Williamson, A., “Persian Gulf Commerce in the Sasanian Period and in the First Two Centuries of Islam,” Bastanshenasi va Honar-e Iran, 9-10 (1972).Google Scholar

83. Asaro, F. and Frierman, J., Proceedings of the Conference on the Applications of the Physical Sciences to Medieval Ceramics [forthcoming, with provenance studies on Sirāf ceramics by Asaro, Michel and Whitehouse, and on Khirbet Shemaс by Meyers]; Baramki, D.C., “The Pottery from Khirbet al-Mefjer,” QDAP, 10: 65–103, 1940-44Google Scholar; Frierman, J., Medieval Ceramics, VI to XIII Centuries (Los Angeles, 1975)Google Scholar; Pezard, M., La ceramique archaique de l’Islam et ses origines (Paris, 1920)Google Scholar; Sauer, J.A., Heshbon Pottery 1971 (Andrews University Press, 1973, with a bibliography on Syro-Palestinian sites with Umayyad material).Google Scholar

84. J. Frierman, Excavations at Tell el-Burj, Ashqelon, Israel [forthcoming].

85. Adams, R., “Tell Abū Sarīfa, a Sassanian-Islamic Ceramic Sequence from South Central Iraq,” Ars Orientalis, 8:87–119, 1970.Google Scholar

86. Ibid., Land Behind Baghdad (Chicago, 1965).

87. Ibid., The Uruk Countryside.

88. M. Gibson, The City and Area of Kish.

89. Whitcomb, D., “The Archaeology of Oman: A Preliminary Discussion of the Islamic Periods,” Journal of Oman Studies, 1:123–157, 1975.Google Scholar

90. Baramki, D.C., “An Early Byzantine Basilica at Tell Hassān, Jericho,” QDAP, 5:82–88, 1936Google Scholar; Meyers, E., “Archaeology and Rabbinic Tradition at Khirbet Shemaс, 1970 and 1971 Campaigns,” The Biblical Archaeologist, 35:2–31, 1972.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

91. Bacharach, J. and Gordus, A., “Studies on the Fineness of Silver Coins,” JESHO, 11:298–317, 1968.Google Scholar

92. Grierson, P., “The Monetary Reforms of сAbd al-Malik,” JESHO, 3: 241–264, 1960Google Scholar; Miles, G., “A Glass Measure Issued by Ḥayyān b. Shurayḥ,” Studi Orientalistici in onore di Giorgio Levi Della Vida (Rome, 1956), 11:148–158.Google Scholar

93. Ibid., “Catalogue of Islamic Coins, the Excavations at Herodian Jericho, 1951,” The Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research, pp. 29–41, 32–33 (1952–54); Ibid., “Islamic Coins,” Antioch-on-the Orontes, IV, Part One: Ceramics and Islamic Coins, ed. F.C. Waagé, pp. 109–124; Walker, J., “Monnaies sassanides et arabes provenant des fouilles de Bīchāpour,” in Girshman, R., Bīchāpour, Vol. II, Les mosaiques sassanides, pp. 185–191 (Paris, 1956)Google Scholar; Ibid., “Some Early Arab and Byzantine-Sassanian Coins from Susa,” Archaeologica Orientalia in Memoriam Ernst Herzfeld (New York, 1952), pp. 235–243.Google Scholar

94. Miles, G., “The Iconography of Umayyad Coinage,” Ars Orientalis, 3:207–213, 1959.Google Scholar