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⁵ Ibid.

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¹⁸ Tanya Narozhna, ‘The lived body, everyday and generative powers of war: Toward an embodied ontology of war as experience’, International Theory (2021), available at: {doi: 10.1017/S1752971921000129}; Sylvester, Christine, War as Experience: Contributions from International Relations and Feminist Analysis (New York, NY: Routledge, 2013)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Parashar, Swati, ‘What wars and “war bodies” know about International Relations’, Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 26:4 (2013), pp. 615–30CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Åhäll, Linda, ‘Feeling everyday IR: Embodied, affective, militarising movement as choreography of war’, Cooperation and Conflict, 54:2 (2019), pp. 149–66CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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²¹ Ibid., p. 19.

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³⁵ Ibid., p. 5.

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⁴² John Dewey and Arthur Bentley, Knowing and the Known (Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 2008 [orig. pub. 1949]), p. 134.

⁴³ Dewey, Logic, pp. 223–4.

⁴⁴ Ibid., p. 239.

⁴⁵ Ibid., p. 222.

⁴⁶ Nordin and Öberg, ‘Targeting the ontology of war’, p. 399.

⁴⁷ Robin May Schott, ‘Gender and postmodern war’, Hypatia, 11:4 (1996), pp. 19–29.

⁴⁸ Cynthia Enloe, Maneuvers: The International Politics of Militarizing Women's Lives (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2000); Kozue Akibayashi and Suzuyo Takazato, ‘Okinawa: Women's struggle for demilitarization’, in Catherine Lutz (ed.), The Bases of Empire: The Global Struggle against U.S. Military Posts (New York, NY: New York University Press, 2009), pp. 243–69.

⁴⁹ Chris J. Cuomo, ‘War is not just an event: Reflections on the significance of everyday violence’, Hypatia, 11:4 (1996), pp. 31, 36.

⁵⁰ Ibid., p. 36.

⁵¹ Kimberly Hutchings, ‘From just war theory to ethico-political pacifism’, Critical Studies on Security, 7:3 (2019), p. 193.

⁵² Youatt, Interspecies Politics.

⁵³ Meiches, ‘Non-human humanitarians’, p. 8.

⁵⁴ John Dewey, ‘Three independent factors in morals’, in Larry A. Hickman and Thomas. M. Alexander (eds), The Essential Dewey, Volume 2: Ethics, Logic, Psychology (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1998), p. 320.

⁵⁵ Mark Griffiths, ‘The geontological time-spaces of late modern war’, Progress in Human Geography (2021), available at: {doi: 10.1177/03091325211064266}.

⁵⁶ Joseph Pugliese, Biopolitics of the More-than-Human: Forensic Ecologies of Violence (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2020).

⁵⁷ Dennis Marks and Julian Fischer, ‘Abundance, Distribution and Timing of Fall and Spring Waterfowl Migration on Eagle River Flats 2012–2013’ (Anchorage: US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2013).

⁵⁸ Ibid.

⁵⁹ NOAA Fisheries, ‘Acoustic Monitoring of Belugas in Eagle River, Cook Inlet’, available at: {https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/resource/document/acoustic-monitoring-belugas-eagle-river-cook-inlet}.

⁶⁰ Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson (2012), available at: {https://www.jber.jb.mil/Portals/144/units/JPARC/PDF/JPARC-Joint-Base-Elmendorf-Richardson.pdf}.

⁶¹ Marianne E. Walsh, Charles M. Collins, and Charles H. Racine, ‘Persistence of white phosphorus (P4) particles in salt marsh sediments’, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: An International Journal, 15:6 (1996), pp. 846–55.

⁶² Walsh et al., ‘Persistence of white phosphorus (P4) particles’.

⁶³ Donald W. Sparling, ‘White phosphorus at Eagle River Flats, Alaska: A case history of waterfowl mortality’, in David J. Hoffman, Barnett A. Rattner, G. Allen Burton Jr, and John Cairns Jr (eds), Handbook of Ecotoxicology (2^nd edn, Boca Raton: Lewis Publishers, 2003), pp. 767–85.

⁶⁴ Sparling, ‘White phosphorus at Eagle River Flats’, p. 771.

⁶⁵ Donald W. Sparling and Nicholas E. Federoff, ‘Secondary poisoning of kestrels by white phosphorus’, Ecotoxicology, 6 (1997), pp. 239–47; Sparling, ‘White phosphorus at Eagle River Flats’.

⁶⁶ Sparling, ‘White phosphorus at Eagle River Flats’, p. 771.

⁶⁷ D.W. Sparling, D. Day, and P. Klein, ‘Acute toxicity and sublethal effects of white phosphorus in mute swans, Cygnus olor’, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 36:3 (1999), p. 316.

⁶⁸ Ibid., p. 316.

⁶⁹ Ibid., p. 317.

⁷⁰ Ibid.

⁷¹ Ibid.

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⁷⁵ In 1980, the US Congress enacted the ‘Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act’, more commonly known as the ‘Superfund’ law. The law's intended effect was to clean hazardous waste sites known as ‘Superfund’ sites.

⁷⁶ USEPA, ‘Record of Decision: Fort Richardson Anchorage, Alaska Operable Unit C’, p. iv, available at: {https://semspub.epa.gov/work/10/100040781.pdf}.

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⁸² Blum, Gabriella and Luban, David, ‘Unsatisfying wars: Degrees of risk and the jus ex bello’, Ethics, 125:3 (2015), pp. 751–80CrossRefGoogle Scholar. On risk transfer, see also Shaw, Martin, ‘Risk-transfer militarism, small massacres and the historic legitimacy of war’, International Relations, 16:3 (2002), pp. 343–59CrossRefGoogle Scholar. See also Daniel Brunstetter for work on ‘risk imposition’ issues involving risking civilian life in order to preserve cultural heritage sites. Brunstetter, Daniel R., ‘A tale of two cities: The just war tradition and cultural heritage in times of war’, Global Intellectual History, 4:4 (2019), pp. 369–88CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

⁸³ US Army, DEIS for Resumption of Year-Round Firing, pp. B-9–10, emphasis added.

⁸⁴ Ibid., p. B-51.

⁸⁵ Ibid., pp. B-52–3.

⁸⁶ Ibid., p. B-104.

⁸⁷ Ibid.

⁸⁸ Ibid., p. B-9.

⁸⁹ Ibid., p. B-38.

⁹⁰ Ibid., p. B-37.

⁹¹ Ibid., p. B-39.

⁹² Ibid., p. B-54.

⁹³ Ibid., p. B-55.

⁹⁴ Ibid., p. B-36

⁹⁵ Ibid., p. B-56.

⁹⁶ Blum and Luban, ‘Unsatisfying wars’, p. 772.

⁹⁷ US Army, DEIS for Resumption of Year-Round Firing, p. B-123.

⁹⁸ Ibid., p. B-124.

⁹⁹ Ibid., p. B-126.

¹⁰⁰ Blum and Luban, ‘Unsatisfying wars’, p. 754.

¹⁰¹ US Army Engineer Research And Development Center, Cold Regions Research And Engineering Laboratory, Remediating and Monitoring White Phosphorus Contamination at Eagle River Flats (Operable Unit C), Fort Richardson, Alaska (Fort Richardson, AK: US Army, 2000).

¹⁰² For a discussion of an ‘interspecies-sensory focus on global politics’ that merges poetic and scientific inquiry, see Leep, Cosmopolitan Belongingness and War, p. 3.

¹⁰³ Johnsgard, Paul A., Ducks, Geese, and Swans of the World (Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2010), p. 235Google Scholar.

¹⁰⁴ Cornell Lab of Ornithology, ‘Northern Pintail Life History’, available at: {https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Northern_Pintail/lifehistory}.

¹⁰⁵ Ibid.

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¹¹¹ Certainly, personhood is not a singular notion simply ‘ascribed by humans to nonhumans’. Youatt, Interspecies Politics, p. 99. For a discussion of non-human personhood and relational agency, see Youatt, Rafi, Counting Species: Biodiversity in Global Environmental Politics (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 2015)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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