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Exile and Linguistic Encounter: Early Modern English Convents in the Low Countries and France

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 March 2020

Emilie K. M. Murphy Open the ORCID record for Emilie K. M. Murphy [Opens in a new window]
Emilie K. M. Murphy*
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University of York
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Abstract

The history of religious migration and experience of exile in the early modern period has received a great deal of attention in recent years. Neglected within this scholarship, however, is sustained discussion of linguistic encounter within these often fraught transcultural and transnational interactions. This article breaks new ground by exploring the linguistic experiences of religious exiles in English convents founded in the Low Countries. Most women within English communities in exile were linguistically challenged; focusing on the creative ways these women subsequently negotiated language barriers sheds new light on female language acquisition and encounter during this period.

Type
Articles
Information
Renaissance Quarterly , Volume 73 , Issue 1 , Spring 2020 , pp. 132 - 164
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s) 2020. Published by the Renaissance Society of America

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Footnotes

The author would like to thank Caroline Bowden, Marie-Louise Coolahan, John Gallagher, Alisa van der Haar, and Victoria Van Hyning for their thoughtful and constructive comments on earlier drafts of this article. The research for this article was funded by the European Research Council under the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP/2007–2013 / ERC Grant Agreement n. 615545).

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Acosta, Ana M. “Hotbeds of Popery: Convents in the English Literary Imagination.” Eighteenth-Century Fiction 15.3–4 (2003): 615–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allison, A. F., and Rogers, D. M.. A Catalogue of Catholic Books in English Printed Abroad or Secretly in England 1558–1640. Bognor Regis: Arundel Press, 1956.Google Scholar
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Evinson, Denis. Pope's Corner: An Historical Survey of the Roman Catholic Institutions in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham. London: Fulham and Hammersmith Historical Society, 1980.Google Scholar
Fehler, Timothy G. et al. , eds. Religious Diaspora in Early Modern Europe: Strategies of Exile. London: Pickering & Chatto, 2014.Google Scholar
Fleming, Juliet. “The French Garden: An Introduction to Women's French.” English Literary History 56.1 (1989): 19–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[Fuller, Anne.] The Convent: or the history of Sophia Nelson. London, 1786.Google Scholar
Gallagher, John. “Vernacular Language-Learning in Early Modern England.” PhD diss., Emmanuel College, University of Cambridge, 2014.Google Scholar
Gallagher, John. “The Italian London of John North: Cultural Contact and Linguistic Encounter in Early Modern England.” Renaissance Quarterly 70.1 (2017): 88–131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gallagher, John. Learning Languages in Early Modern England. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[Gibbes, Phebe.] The american fugitive: or, friendship in a nunnery. London, 1778.Google Scholar
Glickman, Gabriel. “A British Catholic Community? Ethnicity, Identity and Recusant Politics, 1660–1750.” In Early Modern English Catholicism: Identity, Memory and Counter-Reformation (2016), 60–80.Google Scholar
Goodrich, Jaime. “‘Ensigne-Bearers of Saint Clare’: Elizabeth Evelinge's Early Translations and the Restoration of English Franciscanism.” In English Women, Religion and Textual Production, 1500–1625, ed. White, Micheline, 83–100. Farnham: Ashgate, 2011.Google Scholar
Goodrich, Jaime. Faithful Translators: Authorship, Gender and Religion in Early Modern England. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 2014a.Google Scholar
Goodrich, Jaime. “Nuns and Community-Centered Writing: The Benedictine Rule and Statutes.” Huntington Library Quarterly 77.3 (2014b): 287–303.Google Scholar
Goodrich, Jaime. “Authority, Gender and Monastic Piety: Controversies at the English Benedictine Convent in Brussels, 1620–1623.” British Catholic History 33.1 (2016): 91–114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[Grey, Alexia, ed.] The rule of the most blissed Father Saint Benedict patriarke of all munkes. Ghent, n.d., ca. 1632a.Google Scholar
[Grey, Alexia, ed.] Statutes compyled for the better observation of the holy Rule of the most glorious Father and patriarch S. Benedict. Ghent, n.d., ca. 1632b.Google Scholar
Hallett, Nicky. Lives of Spirit: English Carmelite Self-Writing of the Early Modern Period. Farnham: Ashgate, 2007.Google Scholar
Hallett, Nicky. Witchcraft, Exorcism and the Politics of Possession in a Seventeenth-Century Convent: “How Sister Ursula Was Once Bewiched and Sister Margaret Twice.” London: Routledge, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Havens, Earle, and Patton, Elizabeth. “Underground Networks, Prisons and the Circulation of Counter-Reformation Books in Elizabethan England.” In Early Modern English Catholicism: Identity, Memory and Counter-Reformation (2016), 165–88.Google Scholar
Journeaulx, Philip. Proceedings in a cause lately depending before the Parliament of Paris, in the nature of a ravishment of a ward. London, 1743.Google Scholar
Kelly, James. “Creating an English Catholic Identity: Relics, Martyrs and English Women Religious in Counter-Reformation Europe.” In Early Modern English Catholicism: Identity, Memory and Counter-Reformation (2016), 41–59.Google Scholar
Larkin, Hillary M.The Making of Englishmen: Debates on National Identity, 1550–1650. Leiden: Brill, 2014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lawrence, Jason. “Who the devil taught thee so much Italian?” Italian Language Learning and Literary Imitation in Early Modern England. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Lux-Sterritt, Laurence. English Benedictine Nuns in Exile in the Seventeenth Century: Living Spirituality. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2017.Google Scholar
Majérus, Pascal. “What Language Does God Speak? Exiled English Nuns and the Question of Languages.” Trajecta 21 (2012): 137–52.Google Scholar
Murphy, Emilie K. M. “A Sense of Place: Hearing English Catholicism in the Spanish Habsburg Territories, 1568–1659.” In Sensing the Sacred in Medieval and Early Modern Culture, ed. Macdonald, Robin, Murphy, Emilie K. M., and Swann, Elizabeth L., 136–57. London: Routledge, 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murphy, Emilie K. M. “Language and Power in an English Convent in Exile, c.1621–c.1631.” The Historical Journal 62.1 (2019): 101–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
“Obituary Notices of the Nuns of the English Benedictine Abbey of Ghent in Flanders 1627–1811.” In Miscellanea XI, ed. Ward, Lady Abbess and Community, 1–92. London: Catholic Record Society Record Series, 1917.Google Scholar
Rhodes, Jan T. “The Library Catalogue of the English Benedictine Nuns of Our Lady of Good Hope in Paris.” Downside Review 130 (2012): 54–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schneider, Gary. The Culture of Epistolarity: Vernacular Letters and Letter Writing in Early Modern England, 1500–1700. Newark: University of Delaware Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Spohnholz, Jesse, and Waite, Gary K., eds. Exile and Religious Identity, 1500–1800. London: Pickering & Chatto, 2014.Google Scholar
Stevenson, Jane. Women Latin Poets: Language, Gender and Authority, from Antiquity to the Eighteenth Century. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stevenson, Jane. “Women Catholics and Latin Culture.” In Catholic Culture in Early Modern England (2007), 52–72.Google Scholar
Terpstra, Nicholas. Religious Refugees in the Early Modern World: An Alternative History of the Reformation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van de Haar, A. D. M. “The Golden Mean of Languages: Forging Dutch and French in the Early Modern Low Countries (1540–1620).” PhD diss., University of Groningen, 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Hyning, Victoria. “Cloistered Voices: English Nuns in Exile, 1550–1800.” PhD diss., University of Sheffield, 2014a.Google Scholar
Van Hyning, Victoria. “Expressing Selfhood in the Convent: Anonymous Chronicling and Subsumed Autobiography.” Recusant History 32.2 (2014b): 219–34.Google Scholar
Van Hyning, Victoria. Convent Autobiography: Early Modern English Nuns in Exile. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vickers, Amy. “The Threat of the Convent: Seduction and Imprisonment in the Eighteenth Century.” BA thesis, Balliol College, University of Oxford, 2013.Google Scholar
Walker, Claire. “Combining Martha and Mary: Gender and Work in Seventeenth-Century English Cloisters.” Sixteenth Century Journal 30.2 (1996): 397–418.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walker, Claire. Gender and Politics in Early Modern Europe: English Convents in France and the Low Countries. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walker, Claire. “Securing Souls or Telling Tales? The Politics of Cloistered Life in an English Convent.” In Female Monasticism in Early Modern Europe: An Interdisciplinary View, ed. van Wyhe, Cordula, 227–44. Farnham: Ashgate, 2008.Google Scholar
Walker, Claire. “Exiled Children: Care in English Convents in the 17th and 18th Centuries.” Children Australia 41.3 (2016): 168–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolfe, Heather. “Dame Barbara Constable: Catholic Antiquarian, Advisor and Closet Missionary.” In Catholic Culture in Early Modern England (2007), 158–88.Google Scholar
Worthington, David, ed. British and Irish Emigrants and Exiles in Europe, 1603–1688. Leiden: Brill, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Archive of the Archdiocese of Mechelen, Regulieren Brussel, Engelse Nonnen. Doos 12/1, 12/2, 12/3. Cited as AAM RB EN, Doos 12/1, 12/2, 12/3.Google Scholar
Beinecke Library, New Haven, CT. Osborn MS b 268. Baker, Augustine. Catalogue of Such English Bookes as Are in This House Most Helping toward Contemplation.Google Scholar
Convent of Nazareth, Bruges. MS A.III St. Ursula, Arch.CXI. Shirley, Elizabeth. The Life of Our Reverent Ould Mother Margrit Clement.Google Scholar
Douai Abbey, Woolhampton, Berkshire. Windesheim, St. Monica's, Louvain, MS C. 2. Cited as DAB WML MS C. 2.Google Scholar
Douai Abbey, Woolhampton, Berkshire. Windesheim, St. Monica's, Louvain, MS E. 5. Cited as DAB WML MS E. 5.Google Scholar
Downside Abbey, Stratton-on-the-Fosse, Somerset. MS 26551. Baker, Augustine. An Enquiry about the Author of the Treatise of the Abridgement and Ladder of Perfection.Google Scholar
Monastery of the Poor Clares, Much Birch, Hereford. MS Gravelines Chronicle.Google Scholar
“Abbess Neville's Annals of Five Communities of English Benedictine Nuns in Flanders, 1598–1687.” In Miscellania V, ed. Rumsey, M. J., 1–72. London: Catholic Record Society Record Series, 1909.Google Scholar
Acosta, Ana M. “Hotbeds of Popery: Convents in the English Literary Imagination.” Eighteenth-Century Fiction 15.3–4 (2003): 615–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allison, A. F., and Rogers, D. M.. A Catalogue of Catholic Books in English Printed Abroad or Secretly in England 1558–1640. Bognor Regis: Arundel Press, 1956.Google Scholar
[Anon, .] A brief relation of the order and institute, of the English religious women at Liege. [Liège?, 1652].Google Scholar
[Anon, .] The history of Miss Indiana Danby. Dublin, 1765.Google Scholar
[Anon, .] Anecdotes of a convent. London, 1771.Google Scholar
Balint, Emese. “Anabaptist Migration to Moravia and the Hutterite Brethren.” In Religious Diaspora in Early Modern Europe: Strategies of Exile, ed. Fehler, Timothy G., Kroeker, Greta Grace, Parker, Charles H., and Ray, Jonathan, 137–52. London: Pickering & Chatto, 2014.Google Scholar
[Bennett, Anna Maria.] De Valcourt. London, 1800.Google Scholar
Berinzaga, Isabella, and Gagliardi, Achille. An abridgement of christian perfection. Trans. Mary Percy. [St. Omer], 1612.Google Scholar
Bowden, Caroline. “The English Convents in Exile and Questions of National Identity, c. 1600–1688.” In British and Irish Emigrants and Exiles in Europe, 1603–1688, ed. Worthington, David, 297–314. Leiden: Brill, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowden, Caroline. “The English Convents in Exile and Their Neighbours: Extended Networks, Patrons, Benefactors.” In Early Modern Exchanges: Dialogues between Nations and Cultures, 1550–1750, ed. Hackett, Helen, 223–42. Farnham: Ashgate, 2015a.Google Scholar
Bowden, Caroline. “Building Libraries in Exile: The English Convents and Their Book Collections in the Seventeenth Century.” British Catholic History 32.3 (2015b): 343–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brooke, Frances. The history of Emily Montague. London, 1769.Google Scholar
Catholic Culture in Early Modern England. Ed. Corthell, Ronald, Dolan, Frances E., Highley, Christopher, and Marotti, Arthur F.. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2007.Google Scholar
The Chronicles of Nazareth (The English Convent), Bruges 1629–1793. Ed. Bowden, Caroline. Woodbridge: Boydell Press for the Catholic Record Society, 2017.Google Scholar
Clancy, Thomas H. English Catholic Books, 1641–1700: A Bibliography. Chicago: Loyola University Press, 1974.Google Scholar
Cohen, Michèle. Fashioning Masculinity: National Identity and Language in the Eighteenth Century. London: Routledge, 1996.Google Scholar
Cohen, Michèle. “French Conversation or ‘Glittering Gibberish’? Learning French in Eighteenth-Century England.” In Didactic Literature in England 1500–1800: Expertise Constructed, ed. Glaisyer, Natasha and Pennell, Sara, 99–117. Farnham: Ashgate, 2003.Google Scholar
Cohen, Michèle. “Sexualizing and Gendering the French Tongue in Eighteenth Century England.” French Studies Bulletin 31.117 (2010): 73–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Convent Management, Volume 5: English Convents in Exile, 1600–1800. Ed. Kelly, James E.. London: Pickering & Chatto, 2013.Google Scholar
Coolahan, Marie-Louise. Women, Writing and Language in Early Modern Ireland. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corens, Liesbeth. Confessional Mobility and English Catholics in Counter-Reformation Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019.Google Scholar
de Sales, François. Delicious entertainments of the soule. Trans. Deacon, Potentiana. Douai, 1632.Google Scholar
Early Modern English Catholicism: Identity, Memory and Counter-Reformation. Ed. Kelly, James E. and Royal, Susan. Leiden: Brill, 2016.Google Scholar
Eire, Carlos M. N. “Early Modern Catholic Piety in Translation.” In Cultural Translation in Early Modern Europe, ed. Burke, Peter and Po-chia Hsia, R., 83–100. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
“The English Benedictine Nuns of the Convent of Our Blessed Lady of Good Hope in Paris.” In Miscellanea VII, ed. Hansom, Joseph S., 334–413. London: Catholic Record Society Record Series, 1911.Google Scholar
Evinson, Denis. Pope's Corner: An Historical Survey of the Roman Catholic Institutions in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham. London: Fulham and Hammersmith Historical Society, 1980.Google Scholar
Fehler, Timothy G. et al. , eds. Religious Diaspora in Early Modern Europe: Strategies of Exile. London: Pickering & Chatto, 2014.Google Scholar
Fleming, Juliet. “The French Garden: An Introduction to Women's French.” English Literary History 56.1 (1989): 19–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[Fuller, Anne.] The Convent: or the history of Sophia Nelson. London, 1786.Google Scholar
Gallagher, John. “Vernacular Language-Learning in Early Modern England.” PhD diss., Emmanuel College, University of Cambridge, 2014.Google Scholar
Gallagher, John. “The Italian London of John North: Cultural Contact and Linguistic Encounter in Early Modern England.” Renaissance Quarterly 70.1 (2017): 88–131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gallagher, John. Learning Languages in Early Modern England. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[Gibbes, Phebe.] The american fugitive: or, friendship in a nunnery. London, 1778.Google Scholar
Glickman, Gabriel. “A British Catholic Community? Ethnicity, Identity and Recusant Politics, 1660–1750.” In Early Modern English Catholicism: Identity, Memory and Counter-Reformation (2016), 60–80.Google Scholar
Goodrich, Jaime. “‘Ensigne-Bearers of Saint Clare’: Elizabeth Evelinge's Early Translations and the Restoration of English Franciscanism.” In English Women, Religion and Textual Production, 1500–1625, ed. White, Micheline, 83–100. Farnham: Ashgate, 2011.Google Scholar
Goodrich, Jaime. Faithful Translators: Authorship, Gender and Religion in Early Modern England. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 2014a.Google Scholar
Goodrich, Jaime. “Nuns and Community-Centered Writing: The Benedictine Rule and Statutes.” Huntington Library Quarterly 77.3 (2014b): 287–303.Google Scholar
Goodrich, Jaime. “Authority, Gender and Monastic Piety: Controversies at the English Benedictine Convent in Brussels, 1620–1623.” British Catholic History 33.1 (2016): 91–114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
[Grey, Alexia, ed.] The rule of the most blissed Father Saint Benedict patriarke of all munkes. Ghent, n.d., ca. 1632a.Google Scholar
[Grey, Alexia, ed.] Statutes compyled for the better observation of the holy Rule of the most glorious Father and patriarch S. Benedict. Ghent, n.d., ca. 1632b.Google Scholar
Hallett, Nicky. Lives of Spirit: English Carmelite Self-Writing of the Early Modern Period. Farnham: Ashgate, 2007.Google Scholar
Hallett, Nicky. Witchcraft, Exorcism and the Politics of Possession in a Seventeenth-Century Convent: “How Sister Ursula Was Once Bewiched and Sister Margaret Twice.” London: Routledge, 2017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Havens, Earle, and Patton, Elizabeth. “Underground Networks, Prisons and the Circulation of Counter-Reformation Books in Elizabethan England.” In Early Modern English Catholicism: Identity, Memory and Counter-Reformation (2016), 165–88.Google Scholar
Journeaulx, Philip. Proceedings in a cause lately depending before the Parliament of Paris, in the nature of a ravishment of a ward. London, 1743.Google Scholar
Kelly, James. “Creating an English Catholic Identity: Relics, Martyrs and English Women Religious in Counter-Reformation Europe.” In Early Modern English Catholicism: Identity, Memory and Counter-Reformation (2016), 41–59.Google Scholar
Larkin, Hillary M.The Making of Englishmen: Debates on National Identity, 1550–1650. Leiden: Brill, 2014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lawrence, Jason. “Who the devil taught thee so much Italian?” Italian Language Learning and Literary Imitation in Early Modern England. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Lux-Sterritt, Laurence. English Benedictine Nuns in Exile in the Seventeenth Century: Living Spirituality. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2017.Google Scholar
Majérus, Pascal. “What Language Does God Speak? Exiled English Nuns and the Question of Languages.” Trajecta 21 (2012): 137–52.Google Scholar
Murphy, Emilie K. M. “A Sense of Place: Hearing English Catholicism in the Spanish Habsburg Territories, 1568–1659.” In Sensing the Sacred in Medieval and Early Modern Culture, ed. Macdonald, Robin, Murphy, Emilie K. M., and Swann, Elizabeth L., 136–57. London: Routledge, 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murphy, Emilie K. M. “Language and Power in an English Convent in Exile, c.1621–c.1631.” The Historical Journal 62.1 (2019): 101–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
“Obituary Notices of the Nuns of the English Benedictine Abbey of Ghent in Flanders 1627–1811.” In Miscellanea XI, ed. Ward, Lady Abbess and Community, 1–92. London: Catholic Record Society Record Series, 1917.Google Scholar
Rhodes, Jan T. “The Library Catalogue of the English Benedictine Nuns of Our Lady of Good Hope in Paris.” Downside Review 130 (2012): 54–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schneider, Gary. The Culture of Epistolarity: Vernacular Letters and Letter Writing in Early Modern England, 1500–1700. Newark: University of Delaware Press, 2005.Google Scholar
Spohnholz, Jesse, and Waite, Gary K., eds. Exile and Religious Identity, 1500–1800. London: Pickering & Chatto, 2014.Google Scholar
Stevenson, Jane. Women Latin Poets: Language, Gender and Authority, from Antiquity to the Eighteenth Century. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stevenson, Jane. “Women Catholics and Latin Culture.” In Catholic Culture in Early Modern England (2007), 52–72.Google Scholar
Terpstra, Nicholas. Religious Refugees in the Early Modern World: An Alternative History of the Reformation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van de Haar, A. D. M. “The Golden Mean of Languages: Forging Dutch and French in the Early Modern Low Countries (1540–1620).” PhD diss., University of Groningen, 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Hyning, Victoria. “Cloistered Voices: English Nuns in Exile, 1550–1800.” PhD diss., University of Sheffield, 2014a.Google Scholar
Van Hyning, Victoria. “Expressing Selfhood in the Convent: Anonymous Chronicling and Subsumed Autobiography.” Recusant History 32.2 (2014b): 219–34.Google Scholar
Van Hyning, Victoria. Convent Autobiography: Early Modern English Nuns in Exile. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vickers, Amy. “The Threat of the Convent: Seduction and Imprisonment in the Eighteenth Century.” BA thesis, Balliol College, University of Oxford, 2013.Google Scholar
Walker, Claire. “Combining Martha and Mary: Gender and Work in Seventeenth-Century English Cloisters.” Sixteenth Century Journal 30.2 (1996): 397–418.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walker, Claire. Gender and Politics in Early Modern Europe: English Convents in France and the Low Countries. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walker, Claire. “Securing Souls or Telling Tales? The Politics of Cloistered Life in an English Convent.” In Female Monasticism in Early Modern Europe: An Interdisciplinary View, ed. van Wyhe, Cordula, 227–44. Farnham: Ashgate, 2008.Google Scholar
Walker, Claire. “Exiled Children: Care in English Convents in the 17th and 18th Centuries.” Children Australia 41.3 (2016): 168–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolfe, Heather. “Dame Barbara Constable: Catholic Antiquarian, Advisor and Closet Missionary.” In Catholic Culture in Early Modern England (2007), 158–88.Google Scholar
Worthington, David, ed. British and Irish Emigrants and Exiles in Europe, 1603–1688. Leiden: Brill, 2010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar