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Process Philosophy and the Question of Life's Meaning

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 October 2008

Delwin Brown
Affiliation:
Associate Professor of Philosophy and Religion, Anderson College

Extract

Recent discussions, principally among analytic philosophers, concerning the meaning and the validity of the ‘question of life's meaning’ (hereafter referred to as QLM) are significant in several ways. They indicate how analytic philosophy, long charged with sterility, can clarify deeply human questions. They suggest useful avenues of discussion between the analysts and the existentialists, phenomenologists and process philosophers. And they offer some illuminating discriminations between theism and naturalism, and between religious and non-religious understandings of life. But an additional consequence of these discussions is the emergence of a series of challenges to most forms of theism, especially Christianity. In this paper we will be concerned with the latter.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1971

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References

page 13 note 1 Chief among these recent discussions are: Kurt, Baier, ‘The Meaning of Life’, in Morris, Weitz, ed., 20th Century Philosophy: The Analytic Tradition (New York: The Free Press and London: Collier-Macmillan Ltd., 1966), pp. 362–79Google Scholar; Blackham, H. J., ‘The Pointlessness of it All’, in Blackham, , ed., Objections to Humanism (New York: J. B. Lippincott Co., 1963), pp. 105–27Google Scholar; Dilman, Ilham, ‘Life and Meaning’, Philosophy, XL, 4 (October 1965), PP. 320–33CrossRefGoogle Scholar (hereafter referred to as Dilman I); Dilman, Ilham, ‘Professor Hepburn on Meaning in Life’, Religious Studies, III, 2 (04 1968), pp. 547–54CrossRefGoogle Scholar (hereafter Dilman II); Flew, Antony, ‘Tolstoy and the Meaning of Life’, Ethics, 73, 2 (01 1963), pp. 110–18CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Ronald, Hepburn, ‘A Critique of Humanist Theology’, in Blackham, H. J., ed., Objections to Humanism (New York: J. B. Lippincott Co., 1963), pp. 2954Google Scholar (hereafter Hepburn I); Hepburn, Ronald, ‘Questions about the Meaning of Life’, Religious Studies, I, 2 (04 1966), pp. 125–40CrossRefGoogle Scholar (hereafter Hepburn II); Nielsen, Kai, ‘Linguistic Philosophy and “The Meaning of Life”, Cross Currents, XIV, 3 (Summer, 1964), pp. 313–34Google Scholar; Wisdom, John, Paradox and Discovery (New York: Philosophical Library, 1965), chapter 4.Google Scholar

page 13 note 2 See, e.g., Tillich, Paul, The Courage to Be (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1952)Google Scholar, esp. chapters 2 & 5; Niebuhr, Reinhold, The Nature and Destiny of Man (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1955) vol. I, p. 164Google Scholar, and Faith as the Sense of Meaning in Human Existence’, Christianity and Crisis (06 13, 1966), p. 127Google Scholar; Michalson, Carl, The Hinge of History (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1959)Google Scholar and The Rationality of Faith (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1963).Google Scholar

page 13 note 3 See e.g., Ogden, Schubert M., The Reality of God and Other Essays (New York: Harper and Row, 1966)Google Scholar, chapter 1; Kaufman, Gordon D., Relativism, Knowledge and Faith (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960)Google Scholar, chapters 9 & 10, and ‘On the Meaning of“God”: Transcendence Without Mythology’, in Marty, Martin E. and Peerman, Dean G., New Theology #4 (New York: The Macmillan Co., 1967), p. 74Google Scholar; Coburn, Robert C., ‘A Neglected Use of Theological Language’, in High, Dallas M., ed., New Essays in Religious Language (New York: Oxford University Press, 1969), p. 221.Google Scholar For a discussion of the way in which the problem of meaning functions in ‘traditional’ or anti-historical religions, see Eliade, Mircea, Cosmos and History (New York: Harper and Row, 1959).Google Scholar

page 14 note 1 Flew, op. cit., pp. 110–18.

page 14 note 2 Hepburn II, loc. cit.

page 14 note 3 Dilman II, loc. cit.

page 14 note 4 Hepburn II, op. cit., p. 132.

page 14 note 5 Dilman II, loc. cit.

page 15 note 1 Nielsen, op. cit., p. 318.

page 15 note 2 Hepburn II, op. cit., p. 128.

page 15 note 3 ibid.

page 15 note 4 Blackham, op. cit., p. 107.

page 16 note 1 Baier, loc. cit. Kai Nielsen, loc. cit., provide a good analysis of the possible meanings of the QLM, but each is a variation of what Baier calls meaning in life.

page 16 note 2 Flew, op. cit., p. 111.

page 17 note 1 Hepburn II, op. cit., 132.

page 17 note 2 Hepburn II, op. cit., pp. 40–2 (footnote omitted).

page 19 note 1 Baier, op. cit. Footnotes are omitted in some of the following quotations from Baier.

page 20 note 1 Hepburn II, op. cit., p. 137.

page 21 note 1 Dewart, Leslie, The Future of Belief: Theism in a World Come of Age (New York: Herder and Herder. 1966), pp. 203–6.Google Scholar

page 21 note 2 Cox, Harvey, God's Revolution and Man's Responsibility (Valley Forge, Pa,: The Judson Press, 1965), p. 19 f.Google Scholar

page 21 note 3 Hepburn II, op. cit,. p. 138.

page 22 note 1 Baier, op. cit., p. 369. Baier's quotation, part of which we have omitted, is from Neill, Stephen, Christian Faith To-day (London: Penguin Books, 1955), pp. 240–41.Google Scholar

page 22 note 2 Representative work in process theology includes: Birch, L. Charles, Nature and God (London: S.C.M. Press, 1965)Google Scholar; Cobb, John B. Jr., A Christian Natural Theology (Philadelphia: The West- minister Press, 1965)Google Scholar; Harsthorne, Charles, The Divine Relativity and Other Essays (La Salle, Ill.; Open Court Publ. Co. 1962)Google Scholar; Ogden, Schubert M., The Reality of God and Other Essays (New York: Harper & Row, 1966)Google Scholar; Peters, Eugene H., The Creative Advance (St Louis: The Bethany Press, 1966)Google Scholar; and a collection of essays, Process Philosophy and Christian Thought, Brown, D., Reeves, G. and James, R. E. Jr., eds. (Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1970).Google Scholar

page 22 note 3 Ford, Lewis S., ‘Divine Persusasion and the Triumph of Good’, The Christian Scholar, L, 3 (Fall, 1967), p. 237Google Scholar, reprinted in Brown, Reeves & James, eds., op. cit.

page 23 note 1 Theologians not uncommonly deny this in a kind of ‘all or none’ argument. For such a view among process thinkers, see Schubert M. Ogden, op. cit., chapters I and IV. A critique of Ogden's argument may be found in Brown, D., ‘God's Reality and Life's Meaning’, Encounter, 28, 3 (Summer, 1968), pp. 256–62.Google Scholar

page 24 note 1 For an important attempt to develop a Whiteheadian process philosophy without resort to the concept of God, see Sherburne, Donald W., ‘Whitehead Without God’, The Christian Scholar, L, 3 (Fall, 1967), pp. 251–72Google Scholar, revised and reprinted in Brown, Reeves and James, eds., op. cit.

page 24 note 2 Whitehead, A. N., Process and Really (New York: The Macmillan Co., 1929), p. 524 f.Google Scholar

page 26 note 1 Nielsen, Kai, ‘On Fixing the Reference Range of“God”,Religious Studies, 2, 1 (10 1966), p. 16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

page 27 note 1 Miller, John F., III, ‘Science and Religion: Their Logical Similarity,’ Religious Studies, 5, 1 (10 1969), p. 51f.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

page 27 note 2 This account of course presupposes a metaphysics in which events, though something in themselves, are also related, and it requires an epistemology which can explain how we come to know these events-in-relation. Here I must be content to refer the reader to Whitehead's philosophy which I believe provides us with both.

page 28 note 1 This is Harvey's, Van A. term in his article, ‘Is There an Ethics of Belief?The Journal of Religion, 49, 1 (01 1969), PP. 4158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

page 28 note 2 Russell, Bertrand, The Problems of Philosophy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1959), p. 25.Google Scholar Russell indicates one exception, mentioned below.

page 29 note 1 For Whitehead's views on this, see Process and Reality, op. cit., Ch. I, and Adventures of Ideas (New York: The Macmillan Co., 1933), Ch. XV.Google Scholar