Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-8kt4b Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-22T00:44:20.438Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Revue de l’état des connaissances des effets du tritium sur la santé et l’environnement au Canada – un outil pour orienter la surveillance réglementaire

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 December 2011

P.A. Thompson ,
M.S. Hamlat ,
R. Lane ,
S. Mihok ,
P. Reinhardt  and
K. Bundy
P.A. Thompson
Affiliation:
Commission canadienne de sûreté nucléaire, Direction de l’évaluation et de la protection environnementales et radiologiques, 280 rue Slater, Ottawa, Ontario, K1P 5S9, Canada
M.S. Hamlat
Affiliation:
Commission canadienne de sûreté nucléaire, Direction de l’évaluation et de la protection environnementales et radiologiques, 280 rue Slater, Ottawa, Ontario, K1P 5S9, Canada
R. Lane
Affiliation:
Commission canadienne de sûreté nucléaire, Direction de l’évaluation et de la protection environnementales et radiologiques, 280 rue Slater, Ottawa, Ontario, K1P 5S9, Canada
S. Mihok
Affiliation:
Commission canadienne de sûreté nucléaire, Direction de l’évaluation et de la protection environnementales et radiologiques, 280 rue Slater, Ottawa, Ontario, K1P 5S9, Canada
P. Reinhardt
Affiliation:
Commission canadienne de sûreté nucléaire, Direction de l’évaluation et de la protection environnementales et radiologiques, 280 rue Slater, Ottawa, Ontario, K1P 5S9, Canada
K. Bundy
Affiliation:
Commission canadienne de sûreté nucléaire, Direction de l’évaluation et de la protection environnementales et radiologiques, 280 rue Slater, Ottawa, Ontario, K1P 5S9, Canada
Get access

Abstract

L’utilisation du tritium dans les réacteurs CANDU (Canada Deutérium Uranium), dans l’industrie, pour la production de sources et de peintures luminescentes, dans l’exploration pétrolière et gazière, dans les hôpitaux pour des tests diagnostiques, en radiothérapie et en recherche, rend le contrôle de ses rejets particulièrement important au Canada. Ces rejets sont réglementés et étroitement surveillés par la Commission canadienne de sûreté nucléaire (CCSN). Certains groupes d’intérêt et de citoyens prétendent cependant que l’incertitude scientifique sur les effets du tritium sur la santé et l’environnement est telle que la réglementation des installations rejetant ou utilisant du tritium serait inadéquate. Pour répondre à ces inquiétudes, la CCSN a demandé à son personnel d’entreprendre le projet intitulé « Études sur le tritium ». Dans le cadre de ce projet, le devenir du tritium dans l’environnement ainsi que ses effets sanitaires, ont été étudiés au moyen de mesures directes sur le terrain ainsi qu’à travers la revue de la littérature scientifique la plus récente sur le sujet. Ce projet a permis de conclure que les mesures de radioprotection concernant le tritium ainsi que les mécanismes utilisés pour le réglementer sont adéquats pour protéger la santé et la sécurité des Canadiens.

Keywords

CANDUtritiumenvironmenthealth effectsRBE
Type
Research Article
Information
Radioprotection , Volume 46 , Issue 4 , October 2011 , pp. 511 - 531
Copyright
© EDP Sciences, 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Références

Ashmore, P.J.,Gentner, N.E.,Osborne, R.V. (2010) Incomplete data on the Canadian cohort may have affected the results of the study by the International Agency for Research on Cancer on the radiogenic cancer risk among nuclear industry workers in 15 countries, J. Rad. Prot. 30, 115-120. Google Scholar
Atkinson, W.D.,Law, D.V.,Bromley, K.J.,Inskip, H.M. (2004) Mortality of employees of the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, 1946-97, Occup. Environ. Med. 61, 577-585. Google ScholarPubMed
Atkinson, W.D.,Law, D.V.,Bromley, K.J. (2007) A decline in mortality from prostate cancer in the UK Atomic Energy Authority workforce, J. Radiol. Prot. 27, 437-445. Google ScholarPubMed
Autorité de sûreté nucléaire (ASN) (2010) Livre Blanc du tritium. Groupes de réflexion menés de mai 2008 à avril 2010 sous l’égide de l’ASN, Paris, France, 278 p.
BEIR III. National Research Council (NRC) (1980) The effects on populations of exposure to low levels of ionizing radiation. The Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiations Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
BEIR VII. National Research Council (NRC) (2007) Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation: Phase 2. Board on Radiation Effects Research. The Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiations Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
Beral, V.,Inskip, H.,Fraser, P.,Booth, M.,Coleman, D.,Rose, G. (1985) Mortality of employees of the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, 1946-1979, Brit. Med. J 291, 440-447. Google ScholarPubMed
Beral, V.,Fraser, P.,Carpenter, L.,Booth, M.,Brown, A.,Rose, G. (1988) Mortality of employees of the Atomic Weapons Establishment, 1951-82, Brit. Med. J. 297, 757-770. Google ScholarPubMed
Brenner, D.J., Doll, R., Goodhead, D.T., Hall, E.J., Land, C.E., Little, J.B., Lubin, J.H., Preston, D.L., Preston, R.J., Puskin, J.R., Ron, E., Sachs, R.K., Samet, J.M, Setlow, R.B.,Zaider, M. (2003) Cancer risks attributable to low doses of ionizing radiation: Assessing what we really know, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 100, 13761-13766. Google ScholarPubMed
Brues, A.M.,Stroud, A.N.,Rietz, L. (1952) Toxicity of tritium oxide to mice, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 79, 174-176. Google ScholarPubMed
Canadian Standard Association (CSA) (2008) N288.1-08 - Guidelines for calculating derived release limits for radioactive material in airborne and liquid effluents for normal operation of nuclear facilities, publiée par CSA, 354 p.
CANDU Owners Group (2008) OBT/HTO ratios in plants, COG-06-3053-R1.
CANDU Owners Group (2009) Vegetable OBT/HTO ratios in background areas of Ontario, COG-09-3015.
Commission canadienne de sûreté nucléaire (CCSN) (2009) Le rejet de tritium et ses conséquences radiologiques au Canada en 2006, INFO-0793, Ministère des travaux publiques er services gouvernementaux Canada, numéro de catalogue CC172-52/2009E-PDF, ISBN 978-1-100-13930-2. Disponible à : http://www.nuclearsafety.gc.ca/pubs_ catalogue/uploads_fre/CNSC_ Release_and_Dose_fr.pdf.
Commission canadienne de sûreté nucléaire (CCSN) (2010a) Étude sur le devenir environnemental du tritium dans l’atmosphère, Volet du projet d’études sur le tritium, INFO-0792, Ministère des travaux publiques er services gouvernementaux Canada, numéro de catalogue : CC172-51/2009F-PDF, ISBN 978-1-100-92798-5. Disponible à : http://www.nuclearsafety.gc.ca/pubs_ catalogue/uploads_fre/Investigation_ of_Environmental_Fate_ of_Tritium_in_ the_Atmosphere_INFO-0792_f.pdf.
Commission canadienne de sûreté nucléaire (CCSN) (2010b) Tritium : Effets sur la santé, dosimétrie et radioprotection, Volet du projet d’études sur le tritium, INFO-0799, Ministre de Travaux publics et Services gouvernementaux Canada, numéro de catalogue : CC172-58/2010F-PDF, ISBN 978-1-100-94408-1. Disponible à : http://www.nuclearsafety.gc.ca/pubs_ catalogue/uploads_fre/CNSC_ Health_Effects_Fre-web.pdf.
Commission canadienne de sûreté nucléaire (CCSN) (2010c) Taux de tritium dans les produits maraîchers de Pembroke en 2007 et dose à la population. Volet du projet d’études sur le tritium, INFO-0798, Ministère des travaux publiques er services gouvernementaux Canada, numéro de catalogue : CC172-57/2010F-PDF, ISBN 978-1-100-94406-7. Disponible à : http://www.nuclearsafety.gc.ca/pubs_ catalogue/uploads_fre/CNSC_ Garden_Produce_Fre-web.pdf.
Committee on Medical Aspects of Radiation in the Environment (COMARE) (2006) Eleventh Report. The distribution of childhood leukaemia and other childhood cancer in Great Britain 1969-1993. Disponible à : http://www.comare.org.uk/comare_docs.htm.
Committee on Medical Aspects of Radiation in the Environment (COMARE) (2011) Fourteenth Report. Further consideration of the incidence of childhood leukaemia around nuclear power plants in Great Britain. Disponible à : http://www.comare.org.uk/comare_docs.htm.
Cragle, D.L.,McLain, R.W.,Qualters, J.R.,Hickey, J.L.S.,Wilkinson, G.S.,Tankersley, W.G.,Lushbaugh, C.C. (1988) Mortality among workers at a nuclear fuels production facility, Am. J. Indus. Med. 14, 379-401. Google Scholar
Cragle D.L., Watkins J.P., Robertson-DeMers K. (1998) Mortality among workers at the Savannah River nuclear fuels production facility, ASA 1998 proceedings of the section on statistics in epidemiology, Alexandria, VA American Statistical Association, pp. 83-87. URL: http://www.orau.gov/ehsd/EpiProceedings-jj-9-30-98.doc.
Dekaban, A.S. (1968) Abnormalities in children exposed to x-radiation during various stages of gestation: tentative timetable of radiation injury to the human fetus, Int. J. Nucl. Med. 9, 471-477. Google ScholarPubMed
Douglas, A.J.,Omar, R.Z.,Smith, P.G. (1994) Cancer mortality and morbidity among workers at the Sellafield plant of British Nuclear Fuels, Brit. J. Canc. 70, 1232-1243. Google ScholarPubMed
Dunstall, T.G.,Ogram, G.L.,Spencer, F.S. (1985a) Elemental tritium deposition and conversion in the terrestrial environment, Programme technique canadien des combustibles de fusion, rapport CFFTP-G-85035. Dunstall T.G., Ogram G.L., Spencer F.S. (1985b) Elemental tritium deposition and conversion in the terrestrial environment, Fusion Technol. 8, 2551-2556. Google Scholar
Durham Region Health Department (2007) Radiation and Health in Durham Region, Durham Region, Ontario, Canada.
Evrard, A-S.,Hemon, D.,Morin, A.,Laurier, D.,Tirmarche, M.,Backe, J.-C.,Cartier, M.Clavel, J. (2006) Childhood leukaemia incidence around French nuclear installations using geographic zoning based on gaseous discharge dose estimates, BJC 94, 1342-1347. Google ScholarPubMed
Fraser, P.,Carpenter, L.,Moconochie, N.,Higgins, C.,Booth, M.,Beral, V. (1993) Cancer mortality and morbidity in employees of the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, 1946-86, Brit. J. Canc. 67, 615-624. Google ScholarPubMed
Furchner, J.E. (1957) Relative Biological Effectiveness of Tritium Beta-Particles and Cobalt 60 Gamma-Rays Measured by Lethality in CF1 Mice, Rad. Res. 6, 483-490. Google Scholar
Galeriu, D.,Heling, R.,Melintescu, A. (2005) The dynamics of tritium including OBT in the aquatic food chain, Fusion Sci. Technol. 48, 779-782. Google Scholar
Greenpeace Report (2007) Tritium Hazard Report: Pollution and Radiation Risk from Canadian Nuclear Facilities. Un rapport préparé pour Greenpeace par I. Fairlie. http://www.greenpeace.org/raw/content/canada/en/documents-and-links/publications/tritium-hazard-report-pollu.pdf.
Grosche B., Lackland D., Mohr L., Dunbar J., Nicholas J., Burkart W., Hoel D. (1999)
Leukaemia in the vicinity of two tritium-releasing nuclear facilities: a comparison of the
Kruemmel Site, Germany, and the Savannah River Site, South Carolina, USA, J. Radiol. Prot. 19, 243-252.
Hart D. (2008) Derived release limits guidance, Rapport technique du Groupe des propriétaires de CANDU, COG-06-3090.
Health Protection Agency (HPA) (2007) Review of risks from tritium with particular attention to tritiated water and organic compounds containing tritium. Report of AGIR subgroup on tritium risks, UK advisory group on ionizing radiation. http://www.hpa.org.uk/radiation/advisory_ groups/agir/index.htm.
Hill, M.A. (2004) The variation of biological effectiveness of X-rays and gamma rays with energy, Rad. Prot. Dos. 112, 471-481. Google ScholarPubMed
ICRP Publication 92 (2003) Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE), Quality Factor (Q), and Radiation Weighting Factor (WR). ICRP Publication 92, Ann ICRP 33, 1-121.
Jablon, S.,Hrubec, Z.,Boice, J.D. Jr. (1991) Cancer in Populations Living Near Nuclear Facilities. A survey of mortality nationwide and incidence in two States, JAMA 265, 1403-1408. Google ScholarPubMed
Johnson P., Atkinson W.D., Nicholls J.L. (1999) Updated analysis of mortality in workers at UK atomic weapons establishments, Proceedings of the SRP Sixth International Symposium: Achievements & Challenges: Advancing Radiation Protection into the 21st Century.
Kaatsch, P.,Mergenthaler, A. (2008) Incidence, time trends and regional variation of childhood leukaemia in Germany and Europe, Rad. Prot. Dos. 132, 107-113. Google ScholarPubMed
Kocher, D.C., Apostoaei, A.I., Hoffman, FO. (2005) Radiation effectiveness factors for use in calculating probability of causation of radiogenic cancers, Health Phys. 89, 3-32. Google ScholarPubMed
Krumrey, M.,Ulm, G.,Schmidt, E. (2004) Dicentric chromosomes in monolayers of human lymphocytes produced by monochromatized syncrhotron radiation with photon energies from 1.83 keV to 17.4 keV, Rad. Environ. Biophys. 43, 1-6. Google ScholarPubMed
Laurier, D.,Bard, D. (1999) Epidemiologic studies of leukemia among persons under 25 years of age living near nuclear sites, Epidemiol. Rev. 21, 188-206. Google ScholarPubMed
Laurier, D., Grosche, B., Hall, P. (2002) Risk of childhood leukaemia in the vicinity of nuclear installations - findings and recent controversies, Acta Oncol. 41, 14-24. Google ScholarPubMed
Laurier, D.,Jacob, S.,Bernier, M.O.,Leuraud, K.,Metz, C.,Samson, E.,Laloi, P. (2008) Epidemiological Studies of Leukaemia in Children and Young Adults around Nuclear Facilities: A Critical Review, Rad. Prot. Dos. 132, 182-190. Google Scholar
Little, M.P.,Lambert, B.E. (2008) Systematic review of experimental studies of relative biological effectiveness of tritium, Rad. Environ. Biophys. 47, 71-93. Google ScholarPubMed
McFarlane, J.C.,Rodgers, R.D.,Bradley, D.V. Jr. (1978) Environmental tritium oxidation in surface soil, Environ. Sci. Technol. 12, 590-593. Google Scholar
McFarlane, J.C.,Rodgers, R.D.,Bradley, D.V. Jr. (1979) Tritium oxidation in surface soils. A survey of soils near five fuel reprocessing plants, Environ. Sci. Technol. 13, 607-608. Google Scholar
McGeoghegan, D.,Binks, K. (2000) The mortality and cancer morbidity experience of workers at the Capenhurst uranium enrichment facility, 1946-95, J. Radiol. Prot. 20, 381-401. Google ScholarPubMed
McGeoghegan, D.,Binks, K. (2001) The mortality and cancer morbidity experience of employees at the Chapelcross plant of British Nuclear Fuels plc, 1955-95, J. Radiol. Prot. 21, 221-250. Google ScholarPubMed
McLaughlin J., Anderson T.W., Clarke E.A., King W. (1992) Occupational exposure of fathers to ionizing radiation and the risk of leukaemia in offspring – a case-control study (AECB project no 7.157.1). Report INFO-0424. Atomic Energy Control Board, Ottawa, Canada.
McLaughlin, J.R.,King, W.D.,Anderson, T.W.,Clarke, E.A.,Ashmore, J.P. (1993) Paternal radiation exposure and leukaemia in offspring: the Ontario case-control study, BMJ 307, 959-966. Google ScholarPubMed
Melintescu, A.,Galeriu, D.,Takeda, H. (2007) Reassessment of tritium dose coefficients for the general public, Rad. Prot. Dos. 127, 153-157. Google ScholarPubMed
Mishima J., Steelec C.M. (2002) Oxidation of Tritium Gas under Accident and Transport Conditions. Rapport du DOE, LA-UR-02-3803.
Moiseenko, V.V.,Hamm, R.N.,Waker, A.J.,Prestwich, W.V. (2001a) Calculation of radiationinduced DNA damage from photons and tritium beta-particles. Part I: Model formulation and basic results, Rad. Environ. Biophys. 40, 23-31. Google Scholar
Moiseenko, V.V., Waker, A.J., Hamm, R.N., Prestwich, W.V. (2001b) Calculation of radiationinduced DNA damage from photons and tritium beta-particles Part II: Tritium RBE and damage complexity, Rad. Environ. Biophys. 40, 33-38. Google Scholar
Nikjoo, H., O’Neil, P.,Wilson, W.E.,Goodhead, D.T. (2001) Computational approach for determining the spectrum of DNA damage induced by ionizing radiation, Rad. Res. 156, 577-583. Google ScholarPubMed
Nikjoo, H., Bolton, C.E., Watanabe, R., Terrissol, M., O’Neill, P.,Goodhead, D.T. (2002a) Modeling of DNA Damage Induced by Energetic Electrons (100 eV to 100 keV), Rad. Prot. Dos. 99, 77-80. Google Scholar
Nikjoo, H.,Goorley, T.,Fulford, J.,Takakura, K.,Ito, T. (2002b) Quantitative Analysis of Energetics of DNA Damage, Rad. Prot. Dos. 99, 91-98. Google ScholarPubMed
Omar, R.Z.,Barber, J.A.,Smith, P.G. (1999) Cancer mortality and morbidity among plutonium workers at the Sellafield plant of British Nuclear Fuels, Brit. J. Canc. 79, 1288-1301. Google ScholarPubMed
Richardson, D.B.,Wing, S. (2007) Leukemia mortality among workers at the Savannah River Site, Am. J. Epidemiol. 166, 1015-1022. Google ScholarPubMed
Schubauer-Berrigan, M.K.,Daniels, R.D.,Fleming, D.A.,Markey, A.M.,Couch, J.R.,Ahrenholz, S.H.,Burphy, J.S.,Anderson, J.L.,Tseng, C.-Y. (2007) Risk of chronic myeloid and acute leukemia mortality after exposure to ionizing radiation among workers at four U.S. nuclear weapons facilities and a nuclear naval shipyard, Rad. Res. 167, 222-232. Google Scholar
Sever, L.E.,Gilbert, E.S.,Hessol, N.A.,McIntyre, J.M. (1988a) A case-control study of congenital malformations and occupational exposure to low-level ionizing radiation, Am. J. Epidemiol. 127, 226-242. Google ScholarPubMed
Sever, L.E.,Hessol, N.A.,Gilbert, E.S.,McIntyre, J.M. (1988b) The Prevalence at Birth of Congenital Malformations in Communities near the Hanford Site, Am. J. Epidemiol. 127, 243-254. Google ScholarPubMed
Smith, P.G., Douglas, A.J. (1986) Mortality of workers at the Sellafield plant of British Nuclear Fuels, Brit. Med. J. (Clin Res Edition) 293, 845-854. Google ScholarPubMed
Soloviev V., Ilyin L.A., Baranov A.E. et al. (2001) Medical Management of Radiation Accidents, Second edition (I.A. Gusev, A.K. Guskova and F.A. Mettler, Eds.) CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 46 et 158.
Spix, C.,Schmiedel, S.,Kaatsch, P.,Schulze-Rath, R.,Blettner, M. (2008) Case-control study on childhood cancer in the vicinity of nuclear power plants in Germany 1980-2003, Eur. J. Canc. 44, 275-244. Google ScholarPubMed
Straume, T. (1993) Tritium Risk Assessment, Health Phys. 65, 673-682. Google ScholarPubMed
Straume, T.,Carsten, A.L. (1993) Tritium radiobiology and relative biological effectiveness, Health Phys. 65, 657-672. Google ScholarPubMed
United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) (2008) United Nations. Effects of Ionizing Radiation, Rapport de 2006 à l’Assemblée générale et ses annexes scientifiques, Nations Unies, New York.
Weiss W., Bullacher J., Roether W. (1979) Evidence of pulsed discharges of tritium from nuclear energy installations in Central Europe precipitation, dans : Behaviour of Tritium in the Environment. IAEA-SM-232/18, pp. 17-30.
World Health Organization (WHO) (1983) Environmental Health Criteria 25, Geneva, Switzerland, WHO.
Yamamoto, O.,Yokoro, T.,Seyama, A.,Kinomura, T. (1990) HTO Oral Administration in Mice. I: Threshold Dose Rate for Haematopoietic Death, Int. J. Rad. Biol. 57, 543-549. Google ScholarPubMed
Yamamoto, O.,Seyama, T.,Jo, T.,Terato, H.,Saito, T.,Kinomura, A. (1995) Oral Administration of Tritiated Water (HTO) in Mouse. II. Tumour Development: I/II/III, Int. J. Rad. Biol. 68, 47-54. Google Scholar
Yokoro, K.,Yamamoto, O.,Seyama, T.,Kinomura, A. (1986) Acute and Chronic Effects of Tritiated Water in Mice with Special Reference to its Carcinogenicity: An Interim Report, Rad. Prot. Dos. 16, 165-168. Google Scholar