Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-hc48f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T12:50:15.639Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

On the Authenticity of a Relic: An Archaeometric Investigation of the Supposed Bread Sack of Saint Francesco of Assisi

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 September 2017

K L Rasmussen ,
I Degano ,
M P Colombini ,
F Kjeldsen  and
J van der Plicht
K L Rasmussen
Affiliation:
Institute of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
I Degano
Affiliation:
Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
M P Colombini
Affiliation:
Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy Instituto di Conservazione e Valorizzazione dei Beni Culturali del CNR, Firenze, Italy
F Kjeldsen
Affiliation:
Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
J van der Plicht*
Affiliation:
Center for Isotope Research, Groningen University, Groningen, the Netherlands Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
*
*Corresponding author. Email: J.van.der.Plicht@rug.nl.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The relic “the sack of Saint Francesco” has for the first time been investigated by scientific means. The sack is kept at the Franciscan Friary of Folloni near Montella in southern Italy. According to legend, the sack appeared on the doorstep of the Friary in the winter of 1224 containing bread sent from St Francesco (St Francis of Assisi), who at that time was in France. The bread was allegedly brought to the friary by an angel. We analyzed samples of the sack to obtain a radiocarbon (14C) date and to search for any remaining traces of bread. The 14C date yielded a calibrated age range of AD 1220–1295 (2σ), which places the textile in the right timeframe according to the legend. Chemical analysis by gas-chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (GC-MS) revealed the presence of ergosterol (5, 7, 22-ergostatrien-3b-ol), a known biomarker of brewing, baking, or agriculture. In this paper we have further substantiated the validity of ergosterol as a biomarker for the past presence of bread. It appears that there is a fine correspondence between the Franciscan legend and the two most decisive scientific methods relevant for analyzing the sack. Although it is not proof, our analysis shows that the sack indeed could be authentic.

Keywords

Saint Francesco of AssisiMontellaradiocarbon datingGC-MSergosterol
Type
Applications
Information
Radiocarbon , Volume 59 , Special Issue 5: 8th International Symposium, Edinburgh, 27 June – 1 July, 2016 Part 1 of 2 , October 2017 , pp. 1425 - 1433
Copyright
© 2017 by the Arizona Board of Regents on behalf of the University of Arizona 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

Selected Papers from the 8th Radiocarbon & Archaeology Symposium, Edinburgh, UK, 27 June–1 July 2016

References

REFERENCES

Aerts-Bijma, AT, van der Plicht, J, Meijer, HAJ. 2001. Automatic AMS sample combustion and CO2 collection. Radiocarbon 43(2A):293–298.Google Scholar
Bruhn, F, Duhr, A, Grootes, PM, Mintrop, A, Nadeau, MJ. 2001. Chemical removal of conservation substanecs by ‘soxhlet’-type extraction. Radiocarbon 43(2A):229–237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colombini, MP, Modugno, F, editors. 2009. Organic Mass Spectrometry in Art and Archaeology. Chichester, UK: Wiley and Sons Ltd.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guerruccio, DS. 1741. Platea venerabilis Conventus Sancti Francisci, ordinis Minorum Conventualium Terrae montellae, Incepta anno Domini 1740, et completa 1741 à Regio Geometra ac Perito deputato Domino Sebastiano Guerruccio Ejusdem Terrae.Google Scholar
Evershed, RP. 2008. Experimental approaches to the interpretation of absorbed organic residues in archaeological ceramics. World Archaeology 40:26–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Isaksson, S, Karlsson, C, Eriksson, T. 2010. Ergosterol (5, 7, 22-ergostatrien-3b-ol) as a potential biomarker for alcohol fermentation in lipid residues from prehistoric pottery. Journal of Archaeological Science 37:3263–3268.Google Scholar
Mook, WG, Streurman, HJ. 1983. Physical and chemical aspects of radiocarbon dating. PACT Publications 8:31–55.Google Scholar
Rasmussen, KL, van der Plicht, J, Doudna, G, Nielsen, F, Højrup, P, Stenby, EH, Pedersen, CT. 2009. The effects of possible contamination on the radiocarbon dating of the Dead Sea Scrolls II: methods to remove castor oil and suggestions for re-dating. Radiocarbon 51(3):1005–1022.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reimer, PJ, Bard, E, Bayliss, A, Beck, JW, Blackwell, PG, Bronk Ramsey, C, Buck, CE, Cheng, H, Edwards, RL, Friedrich, M, Grootes, PM, Guilderson, TP, Haflidason, H, Hajdas, I, Hatté, C, Heaton, TJ, Hoffmann, DL, Hogg, AG, Hughen, KA, Kaiser, KF, Kromer, B, Manning, SW, Niu, M, Reimer, RW, Richards, DA, Scott, EM, Southon, JR, Staff, RA, Turney, CSM, van der Plicht, J. 2013. INTCAL13 and MARINE13 radiocarbon age calibration curves 0–50,000 years Cal BP. Radiocarbon 55(4):1869–1887.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Torino, M, Boldsen, JL, Tarp, P, Rasmussen, KL, Skytte, L, Nielsen, L, Schiavone, S, Terrasi, F, Passariello, I, Ricci, P, Lubritto, C. 2015. Convento di San Francesco a Folloni – The function of a Medieval Franciscan friary seen through the burials. Heritage Science 3:27 DOI 10.1186/s40494-015-0056-z.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van der Plicht, J, Hogg, AG. 2006. A note on reporting radiocarbon. Quaternary Geochronology 1:237–240.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van der Plicht, J, Wijma, S., Aerts, AT, Pertuisot, MH, Meijer, HAJ. 2000. Status report: the Groningen AMS facility. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 172:58–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar