Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-v9fdk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-08T22:36:53.631Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

RADIOCARBON PROTOCOLS AND FIRST INTERCOMPARISON RESULTS FROM THE CHRONOS 14CARBON-CYCLE FACILITY, UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES, SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 May 2021

Chris Turney Open the ORCID record for Chris Turney [Opens in a new window] ,
Lorena Becerra-Valdivia Open the ORCID record for Lorena Becerra-Valdivia [Opens in a new window] ,
Adam Sookdeo ,
Zoë A Thomas Open the ORCID record for Zoë A Thomas [Opens in a new window] ,
Jonathan Palmer ,
Heather A Haines ,
Haidee Cadd ,
Lukas Wacker Open the ORCID record for Lukas Wacker [Opens in a new window] ,
Andy Baker  and
Martin S Andersen
...Show all authors
Chris Turney*
Affiliation:
Chronos 14Carbon-Cycle Facility, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW2052, Australia Earth and Sustainability Science Research Centre (ESSRC), School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW2052, Australia Australian Research Centre of Excellence in Australian Biodiversity and Heritage (CABAH), University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW2052, Australia
Lorena Becerra-Valdivia*
Affiliation:
Chronos 14Carbon-Cycle Facility, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW2052, Australia Earth and Sustainability Science Research Centre (ESSRC), School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW2052, Australia Australian Research Centre of Excellence in Australian Biodiversity and Heritage (CABAH), University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW2052, Australia
Adam Sookdeo*
Affiliation:
Australian Research Centre of Excellence in Australian Biodiversity and Heritage (CABAH), University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW2052, Australia Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW2052, Australia
Zoë A Thomas
Affiliation:
Chronos 14Carbon-Cycle Facility, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW2052, Australia Earth and Sustainability Science Research Centre (ESSRC), School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW2052, Australia Australian Research Centre of Excellence in Australian Biodiversity and Heritage (CABAH), University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW2052, Australia
Jonathan Palmer
Affiliation:
Chronos 14Carbon-Cycle Facility, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW2052, Australia Earth and Sustainability Science Research Centre (ESSRC), School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW2052, Australia Australian Research Centre of Excellence in Australian Biodiversity and Heritage (CABAH), University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW2052, Australia
Heather A Haines
Affiliation:
Chronos 14Carbon-Cycle Facility, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW2052, Australia Earth and Sustainability Science Research Centre (ESSRC), School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW2052, Australia Australian Research Centre of Excellence in Australian Biodiversity and Heritage (CABAH), University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW2052, Australia
Haidee Cadd
Affiliation:
Chronos 14Carbon-Cycle Facility, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW2052, Australia Earth and Sustainability Science Research Centre (ESSRC), School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW2052, Australia Australian Research Centre of Excellence in Australian Biodiversity and Heritage (CABAH), University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW2052, Australia
Lukas Wacker
Affiliation:
Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zurich, HPK, H29, Otto-Stern-Weg 5, CH-8093Zürich, Switzerland
Andy Baker
Affiliation:
Earth and Sustainability Science Research Centre (ESSRC), School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW2052, Australia Australian Research Centre of Excellence in Australian Biodiversity and Heritage (CABAH), University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW2052, Australia
Martin S Andersen
Affiliation:
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW2052, Australia
Geraldine Jacobsen
Affiliation:
Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights, NSW2234, Australia
Karina Meredith
Affiliation:
Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights, NSW2234, Australia
Khorshed Chinu
Affiliation:
Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW2052, Australia
Silvia Bollhalder
Affiliation:
Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zurich, HPK, H29, Otto-Stern-Weg 5, CH-8093Zürich, Switzerland
Christopher Marjo
Affiliation:
Chronos 14Carbon-Cycle Facility, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW2052, Australia Earth and Sustainability Science Research Centre (ESSRC), School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW2052, Australia Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW2052, Australia
*
*Corresponding authors. Emails: c.turney@unsw.edu.au; Lorena.becerravaldivia@arch.ox.ac.uk; a.sookdeo@unsw.edu.au
*Corresponding authors. Emails: c.turney@unsw.edu.au; Lorena.becerravaldivia@arch.ox.ac.uk; a.sookdeo@unsw.edu.au
*Corresponding authors. Emails: c.turney@unsw.edu.au; Lorena.becerravaldivia@arch.ox.ac.uk; a.sookdeo@unsw.edu.au
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The Chronos 14Carbon-Cycle Facility is a new radiocarbon laboratory at the University of New South Wales, Australia. Built around an Ionplus 200 kV MIni-CArbon DAting System (MICADAS) Accelerator Mass Spectrometer (AMS) installed in October 2019, the facility was established to address major challenges in the Earth, Environmental and Archaeological sciences. Here we report an overview of the Chronos facility, the pretreatment methods currently employed (bones, carbonates, peat, pollen, charcoal, and wood) and results of radiocarbon and stable isotope measurements undertaken on a wide range of sample types. Measurements on international standards, known-age and blank samples demonstrate the facility is capable of measuring 14C samples from the Anthropocene back to nearly 50,000 years ago. Future work will focus on improving our understanding of the Earth system and managing resources in a future warmer world.

Keywords

archaeological scienceclimate-carbon cycle dynamicsearth scienceearth system scienceradiocarbon calibration
Type
Technical Note
Information
Radiocarbon , Volume 63 , Issue 3 , June 2021 , pp. 1003 - 1023
Check for updates
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press for the Arizona Board of Regents on behalf of the University of Arizona

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bard, E, Tuna, T, Fagault, Y, Bonvalot, L, Wacker, L, Fahrni, S, Synal, H-A. 2015. AixMICADAS, the accelerator mass spectrometer dedicated to 14C recently installed in Aix-en-Provence, France. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 361:80–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Becerra-Valdivia, L, Higham, T. 2020. The timing and effect of the earliest human arrivals in North America. Nature 584(7819):93–97.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bennett, KD, Willis, KJ. 2002. Pollen. Tracking environmental change using lake sediments. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 5–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Billett, MF, Garnett, MH, Harvey, F. 2007. UK peatland streams release old carbon dioxide to the atmosphere and young dissolved organic carbon to rivers. Geophysical Research Letters 34(23).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bradford, MA, Wieder, WR, Bonan, GB, Fierer, N, Raymond, PA, Crowther, TW. 2016. Managing uncertainty in soil carbon feedbacks to climate change. Nature Climate Change 6(8):751–758.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bridgeman, J, Gulliver, P, Roe, J, Baker, A. 2014. Carbon isotopic characterisation of dissolved organic matter during water treatment. Water Research 48:119–125.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brienen, RJ, Schöngart, J, Zuidema, PA. 2016. Tree rings in the tropics: Insights into the ecology and climate sensitivity of tropical trees. Tropical tree physiology. Springer. p. 439–461.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brock, F, Dee, M, Hughes, A, Snoeck, C, Staff, R, Ramsey, CB. 2018. Testing the effectiveness of protocols for removal of common conservation treatments for radiocarbon dating. Radiocarbon 60(1):35–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brock, F, Higham, T, Ditchfield, P, Bronk Ramsey, C. 2010a. Current pretreatment methods for AMS radiocarbon dating at the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit (ORAU). Radiocarbon 52(1):103–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brock, F, Higham, T, Ramsey, CB. 2010b. Pre-screening techniques for identification of samples suitable for radiocarbon dating of poorly preserved bones. Journal of Archaeological Science 37(4):855–865.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bronk Ramsey, C, Lee, S. 2013. Recent and planned developments of the program OxCal. Radiocarbon 55(2-3):720–730.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bronk Ramsey, C, Staff, RA, Bryant, CL, Brock, F, Kitagawa, H, van der Plicht, J, Schlolaut, G, Marshall, MH, Brauer, A, Lamb, HF et al. 2012. A complete terrestrial radiocarbon record for 11.2 to 52.8 kyr B.P. Science 338(6105):370–374.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, TA, Farwell, GW, Grootes, PM, Schmidt, FH. 1992. Radiocarbon AMS dating of pollen extracted from peat samples. Radiocarbon 34:550–556.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, TA, Nelson, DE, Vogel, JS, Southon, JR. 1988. Improved collagen extraction by modified Longin method. Radiocarbon 30(2):171–177.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dean, NE. 1988. Geochemistry and archaeological geology of the Carrara Marble, Carrara, Italy. In: Herz, N, Waelkens, M, editors. Classical marble: Geochemistry, technology, trade. Springer. p. 315–323.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De La Torre, HAM, Reyes, AV, Zazula, GD, Froese, DG, Jensen, BJ, Southon, JR. 2019. Permafrost-preserved wood and bone: Radiocarbon blanks from Yukon and Alaska. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 455:154–157.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deloitte Access Economics. 2013. Economic value of groundwater in Australia. Sydney.Google Scholar
DeNiro, MJ. 1985. Postmortem preservation and alteration of in vivo bone collagen isotope ratios in relation to palaeodietary reconstruction. Nature 317(6040):806–809.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DeNiro, MJ, Weiner, S. 1988. Chemical, enzymatic and spectroscopic characterization of “collagen” and other organic fractions from prehistoric bones. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 52(9):2197–2206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dougherty, AJ, Thomas, ZA, Fogwill, C, Hogg, A, Palmer, J, Rainsley, E, Williams, AN, Ulm, S, Rogers, K, Jones, BG et al. 2019. Redating the earliest evidence of the mid-Holocene relative sea-level highstand in Australia and implications for global sea-level rise. PLOS ONE 14(7):e0218430.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Douglass, K, Cooper, J. 2020. Archaeology, environmental justice, and climate change on islands of the Caribbean and Southwestern Indian Ocean. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117(15):8254–8262.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dutta, K. 2016. Sun, ocean, nuclear bombs, and fossil fuels: Radiocarbon variations and implications for high-resolution dating. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 44(1):239–275.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fogwill, CJ, Turney, CSM, Menviel, L, Baker, A, Weber, ME, Ellis, B, Thomas, ZA, Golledge, NR, Etheridge, D, Rubino, M et al. 2020. Southern Ocean carbon sink enhanced by sea-ice feedbacks at the Antarctic Cold Reversal. Nature Geoscience.Google Scholar
Forbes, M, Cohen, T, Jacobs, Z, Marx, S, Barber, E, Dodson, J, Zamora, A, Cadd, H, Francke, A, Constantine, M et al. 2021. Comparing interglacials in eastern Australia: A multi-proxy investigation of a new sedimentary record. Quaternary Science Reviews 252:106750, doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106750.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Friedlingstein, P, Jones, MW, O’Sullivan, M, Andrew, RM, Hauck, J, Peters, GP, Peters, W, Pongratz, J, Sitch, S, Le Quéré, C et al. 2019. Global carbon budget 2019. Earth Syst Sci Data 11(4):1783–1838.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Friedlingstein, P, Meinshausen, M, Arora, VK, Jones, CD, Anav, A, Liddicoat, SK, Knutti, R. 2013. Uncertainties in CMIP5 climate projections due to carbon cycle feedbacks. Journal of Climate 27(2):511–526.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fu, B, Gasser, T, Li, B, Tao, S, Ciais, P, Piao, S, Balkanski, Y, Li, W, Yin, T, Han, L et al. 2020. Short-lived climate forcers have long-term climate impacts via the carbon–climate feedback. Nature Climate Change 10(9):851–855.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graham, PW, Baker, A, Andersen, MS. 2015. Dissolved organic carbon mobilisation in a groundwater system stressed by pumping. Sci Rep. 5:18487.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guiry, EJ, Staniforth, M, Nehlich, O, Grimes, V, Smith, C, Harpley, B, Noël, S, Richards, MP. 2015. Tracing historical animal husbandry, meat trade, and food provisioning: A multi-isotopic approach to the analysis of shipwreck faunal remains from the William Salthouse, Port Phillip, Australia. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 1:21–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haghipour, N, Ausín, B, Usman, MO, Ishikawa, N, Wacker, L, Welte, C, Ueda, K, Eglinton, TI. 2019. Compound-specific radiocarbon analysis by elemental analyzer–accelerator mass spectrometry: Precision and limitations. Analytical Chemistry 91(3):2042–2049.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haines, HA, Gadd, PS, Palmer, J, Olley, JM, Hua, Q, Heijnis, H. 2018. A new method for dating tree-rings in trees with faint, indeterminate ring boundaries using the ITRAX core scanner. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 497:234–243.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hedges, JI, Ertel, JR, Quay, PD, Grootes, PM, Richey, JE, Devol, AH, Farwell, GW, Schmidt, FW, Salati, E. 1986. Organic carbon-14 in the Amazon River system. Science 231(4742):1129–1131.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hogg, A, Southon, J, Turney, C, Palmer, J, Bronk Ramsey, C, Fenwick, P, Boswijk, G, Friedrich, M, Helle, G, Hughen, K et al. 2016a. Punctuated shutdown of Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation during the Greenland Stadial 1. Sci Rep. 6:25902, doi: 10.1038/srep25902.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hogg, A, Southon, J, Turney, C, Palmer, J, Ramsey, CB, Fenwick, P, Boswijk, G, Büntgen, U, Friedrich, M, Helle, G et al. 2016b. Decadally resolved Lateglacial radiocarbon evidence from New Zealand kauri. Radiocarbon 58(4):709–733.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hogg, AG, Fifield, LK, Turney, CSM, Palmer, JG, Galbraith, R, Baillie, MGK. 2006. Dating ancient wood by high-sensitivity liquid scintillation counting and accelerator mass spectrometry-pushing the boundaries. Quaternary Geochronology 1(4):241–248.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hogg, AG, Heaton, TJ, Hua, Q, Palmer, JG, Turney, CSM, Southon, J, Bayliss, A, Blackwell, PG, Boswijk, G, Bronk Ramsey, C et al. 2020. ShCal20 Southern Hemisphere calibration, 0–55,000 years cal BP. Radiocarbon 62(4):759–778.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howarth, JD, Fitzsimons, SJ, Jacobsen, GE, Vandergoes, MJ, Norris, RJ. 2013. Identifying a reliable target fraction for radiocarbon dating sedimentary records from lakes. Quaternary Geochronology 17:68–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
IPCC. 2018. Global warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC special report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.Google Scholar
Knowles, TD, Monaghan, PS, Evershed, RP. 2019. Radiocarbon sample preparation procedures and the first status report from the Bristol Radiocarbon AMS (BRAMS) facility. Radiocarbon 61(5):1541–1550.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kromer, B, Lindauer, S, Synal, H-A, Wacker, L. 2013. MAMS – a new AMS facility at the Curt-Engelhorn-Centre for Archaeometry, Mannheim, Germany. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 294:11–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Le Clercq, M, Van Der Plicht, J, Gröning, M. 1997. New 14C reference materials with activities of 15 and 50 PMC. Radiocarbon 40(1):295–297.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Le Quéré, C, Andres, RJ, Boden, T, Conway, T, Houghton, RA, House, JI, Marland, G, Peters, GP, van der Werf, GR, Ahlström, A et al. 2013. The global carbon budget 1959–2011. Earth Syst Sci Data 5(1):165–185.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, SL, Maslin, MA. 2015. Defining the anthropocene. Nature 519(7542):171–180.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Longin, R. 1971. New method of collagen extraction for radiocarbon dating. Nature 230:241–242.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lowe, JJ, Walker, MJC. 2000. Radiocarbon dating the last glacial interglacial transition (ca. 14-9 14C ka BP) in terrestrial and marine records: The need for new quality assurance protocols. Radiocarbon 42:53–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Macphail, M, Cantrill, DJ. 2006. Age and implications of the Forest Bed, Falkland Islands, southwest Atlantic Ocean: Evidence from fossil pollen and spores. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 240(3–4):602–629.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marra, MJ, Alloway, BV, Newnham, RM. 2006. Paleoenvironmental reconstruction of a well-preserved Stage 7 forest sequence catastrophically buried by basaltic eruptive deposits, northern New Zealand. Quaternary Science Reviews 25:2143–2161.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McDonough, LK, Santos, IR, Andersen, MS, O’Carroll, DM, Rutlidge, H, Meredith, K, Oudone, P, Bridgeman, J, Gooddy, DC, Sorensen, JPR et al. 2020. Changes in global groundwater organic carbon driven by climate change and urbanization. Nature Communications. 11(1):1279.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McIntyre, CP, Wacker, L, Haghipour, N, Blattmann, TM, Fahrni, S, Usman, M, Eglinton, TI, Synal, H-A. 2017. Online 13C and 14C gas measurements by EA-IRMS–AMS at ETH Zürich. Radiocarbon 59(3):893–903.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Němec, M, Wacker, L, Hajdas, I, Gäggeler, H. 2010. Alternative methods for cellulose preparation for AMS measurement. Radiocarbon 52(3):1358–1370.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O’Connell, JF, Allen, J, Williams, MAJ, Williams, AN, Turney, CSM, Spooner, NA, Kamminga, J, Brown, G, Cooper, A. 2018. When did Homo sapiens first reach Southeast Asia and Sahul? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115(34):8482–8490.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Palmer, JG, Turney, CSM, Cook, ER, Fenwick, P, Thomas, Z, Helle, G, Jones, R, Clement, A, Hogg, A, Southon, J et al. 2016. Changes in El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) conditions during the Greenland Stadial 1 (GS-1) chronozone revealed by New Zealand tree-rings. Quaternary Science Reviews 153:139–155.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Randerson, JT, Lindsay, K, Munoz, E, Fu, W, Moore, JK, Hoffman, FM, Mahowald, NM, Doney, SC. 2015. Multicentury changes in ocean and land contributions to the climate-carbon feedback. Global Biogeochem Cycles. 29(6):744–759.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rasberry, SD. 1999. Standard reference material 4990C oxalic acid. National Institute of Standards and Technology.Google Scholar
Reimer, PJ, Austin, WEN, Bard, E, Bayliss, A, Blackwell, PG, Bronk Ramsey, C, Butzin, M, Cheng, H, Edwards, RL, Friedrich, M et al. 2020. The IntCal20 Northern Hemisphere radiocarbon age calibration curve (0–55 cal kbp). Radiocarbon 62(4):725–757.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rockman, M, Hritz, C. 2020. Expanding use of archaeology in climate change response by changing its social environment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 117(15):8295–8302.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rozanski, K. 1991. Report on consultants’ group meeting on 14C reference materials for radiocarbon laboratories. February 18–20, 1991, Vienna. Austria. Internal Report, IAEA, Vienna.Google Scholar
Ruff, M, Fahrni, S, Gäggeler, H, Hajdas, I, Suter, M, Synal, H, Szidat, S, Wacker, L. 2010. On-line radiocarbon measurements of small samples using elemental analyzer and MICADAS gas ion source. Radiocarbon 52(4):1645–1656.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sillen, A, Parkington, J. 1996. Diagenesis of bones from Eland’s Bay Cave. Journal of Archaeological Science 23(4):535–542.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sookdeo, A, Kromer, B, Büntgen, U, Friedrich, M, Friedrich, R, Helle, G, Pauly, M, Nievergelt, D, Reinig, F, Treydte, K. 2020. Quality dating: A well-defined protocol implemented at ETH for high-precision 14C-dates tested on late glacial wood. Radiocarbon 62(4):891–899.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sookdeo, A, Wacker, L, Fahrni, S, McIntyre, CP, Friedrich, M, Reinig, F, Nievergelt, D, Tegel, W, Kromer, B, Büntgen, U. 2017. Speed dating: A rapid way to determine the radiocarbon age of wood by EA-AMS. Radiocarbon 59(3):933–939.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Southwell-Keely, P. 2020. The School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney: Megacity Design.Google Scholar
Staniforth, MJ. 1997. The wreck of the William Salthouse: The earliest attempt to establish trade relations between Canada and Australia. International Council of Canadian Studies and Carleton University Press.Google Scholar
Steffen, W, Broadgate, W, Deutsch, L, Gaffney, O, Ludwig, C. 2015. The trajectory of the Anthropocene: The Great Acceleration. The Anthropocene Review. 2(1):81–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steffen, W, Richardson, K, Rockström, J, Schellnhuber, HJ, Dube, OP, Dutreuil, S, Lenton, TM, Lubchenco, J. 2020. The emergence and evolution of Earth System Science. Nature Reviews Earth & Environment. 1(1):54–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steffen, W, Rockström, J, Richardson, K, Lenton, TM, Folke, C, Liverman, D, Summerhayes, CP, Barnosky, AD, Cornell, SE, Crucifix, M et al. 2018. Trajectories of the Earth system in the Anthropocene. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 115(33):8252–8259.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Strunk, A, Olsen, J, Sanei, H, Rudra, A, Larsen, NK. 2020. Improving the reliability of bulk sediment radiocarbon dating. Quaternary Science Reviews 242:106442.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suter, M, Müller, A, Alfimov, V, Christl, M, Schulze-König, T, Kubik, P, Synal, H-A, Vockenhuber, C, Wacker, L. 2010. Are compact AMS facilities a competitive alternative to larger tandem accelerators? Radiocarbon 52(2):319–330.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Synal, H-A, Stocker, M, Suter, M. 2007. MICADAS: A new compact radiocarbon AMS system. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 259(1):7–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Szpak, P, Metcalfe, JZ, Macdonald, RA. 2017. Best practices for calibrating and reporting stable isotope measurements in archaeology. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports. 13:609–616.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tennant, RK, Jones, RT, Brock, F, Cook, C, Turney, CSM, Love, J, Lee, R. 2013. A new flow cytometry method enabling rapid purification of fossil pollen from terrestrial sediments for AMS radiocarbon dating. Journal of Quaternary Science 28(3):229–236.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, Z, Turney, CS, Hogg, AG, Williams, AN, Fogwill, CJ. 2019. Investigating subantarctic 14C ages of different peat components: Site and sample selection for developing robust age models in dynamic landscapes. Radiocarbon 61:1–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomas, ZA. 2016. Using natural archives to detect climate and environmental tipping points in the Earth system. Quaternary Science Reviews 152:60–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Treble, PC, Baker, A, Ayliffe, LK, Cohen, TJ, Hellstrom, JC, Gagan, MK, Frisia, S, Drysdale, RN, Griffiths, AD, Borsato, A. 2017. Hydroclimate of the Last Glacial Maximum and deglaciation in southern Australia’s arid margin interpreted from speleothem records (23–15 ka). Climate of the Past 13(6):667–687.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turney, CSM, Fogwill, CJ, Palmer, JG, van Sebille, E, Thomas, Z, McGlone, M, Richardson, S, Wilmshurst, JM, Fenwick, P, Zunz, V et al. 2017. Tropical forcing of increased Southern Ocean climate variability revealed by a 140–year subantarctic temperature reconstruction. Climate of the Past 13(3):231–248.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turney, CSM, Hobbs, D. 2006. ENSO influence on Holocene Aboriginal populations in Queensland, Australia. J Archaeol Sci. 33:1744–1748.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turney, CSM, Palmer, J, Maslin, MA, Hogg, A, Fogwill, CJ, Southon, J, Fenwick, P, Helle, G, Wilmshurst, JM, McGlone, M et al. 2018. Global peak in atmospheric radiocarbon provides a potential definition for the onset of the Anthropocene epoch in 1965. Sci Rep. 8(1):3293, doi: 3210.1038/s41598-41018-20970–41595.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Klinken, GJ. 1999. Bone collagen quality indicators for palaeodietary and radiocarbon measurements. Journal of Archaeological Science 26(6):687–695.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vandergoes, MJ, Prior, CA. 2003. AMS dating of pollen concentrates-a methodological study of late Quaternary sediments from South Westland, New Zealand. Radiocarbon 45:479–491.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Varney, RM, Chadburn, SE, Friedlingstein, P, Burke, EJ, Koven, CD, Hugelius, G, Cox, PM. 2020. A spatial emergent constraint on the sensitivity of soil carbon turnover to global warming. Nature Communications 11(1):5544.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wacker, L, Bonani, G, Friedrich, M, Hajdas, I, Kromer, B, Němec, M, Ruff, M, Suter, M, Synal, H, Vockenhuber, C. 2010a. MICADAS: Routine and high-precision radiocarbon dating. Radiocarbon 52(02):252–262.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wacker, L, Christl, M, Synal, H-A. 2010b. Bats: A new tool for AMS data reduction. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 268(7-8):976–979.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wacker, L, Fahrni, SM, Hajdas, I, Molnar, M, Synal, HA, Szidat, S, Zhang, YL. 2013a. A versatile gas interface for routine radiocarbon analysis with a gas ion source. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 294:315–319.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wacker, L, Fülöp, RH, Hajdas, I, Molnár, M, Rethemeyer, J. 2013b. A novel approach to process carbonate samples for radiocarbon measurements with helium carrier gas. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 294:214–217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wacker, L, Němec, M, Bourquin, J. 2010c. A revolutionary graphitisation system: Fully automated, compact and simple. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 268(7–8):931–934.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
WAIS Divide Project Members. 2015. Precise interpolar phasing of abrupt climate change during the last ice age. Nature 520(7549):661–665.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walker, M, Lowe, J, Blockley, SPE, Bryant, C, Coombes, P, Davies, S, Hardiman, M, Turney, CSM, Watson, J. 2012. Lateglacial and early Holocene palaeoenvironmental “events” in Sluggan Bog, Northern Ireland: Comparisons with the Greenland NGRIP GICC05 event stratigraphy. Quaternary Science Reviews 36:124–138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, DD, Lee, HF, Wang, C, Li, B, Pei, Q, Zhang, J, An, Y. 2011. The causality analysis of climate change and large-scale human crisis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108(42):17296–17301.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed