Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-ndmmz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-07T05:00:44.999Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

A Woman's Work is Never Done? Exploring Housework in Interwar Queensland

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 February 2016

Get access

Extract

The woman who demands assistance from her husband in her home is failing in her part of the marriage bargain, and the husband who gives it is losing his prestige as head of the house.

— Letter from ‘Mother’ of New Farm, Courier-Mail, 6 February 1939, p 14

The letter from ‘Mother’ in the Brisbane suburb of New Farm endorsed the assumed and actual centrality of unpaid work within the home for most white women in Queensland — especially for wives — in the interwar years. It accepted a division of labour in which men were defined primarily as breadwinners; by contrast, and despite female participation in the formal economy, the major role for women was that of wife and mother. This allocation of responsibilities was a fundamental component of the gender segregation which characterised work and the Queensland economy in this period.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Notes

1 Frances, Raelene, ‘Shifting Barriers: Twentieth Century Women's Labour Patterns’, in Kay Saunders and Raymond Evans (eds), Gender Relations in Australia: Domination and Negotiation (Sydney: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1992), 250–51.Google Scholar

2 The Queensland Mothers’ Book, rev. ed. (Brisbane: Home Secretary's Department, Brisbane, 1931), 14.Google Scholar

3 Australian Woman's Mirror, 23 February 1926: 21.Google Scholar

4 Fifty-fourth report of the Secretary of Public Instruction for the year 1929, Queensland Parliamentary Papers, vol. 1, 1930, 141.Google Scholar

5 Census of the Commonwealth of Australia, 1921, vol. 1, 510–11 and 1933, vol. 2, 1122–23; Australian Women's Weekly, 4 June 1938: 21.Google Scholar

6 Annual reports of the Director, State Children Department for the years 1919–1939, Queensland Parliamentary Papers, 1920–1940.Google Scholar

7 Courier-Mail, 13 February 1939: 13.Google Scholar

8 Australian Women's Weekly, 10 June 1933: 7.Google Scholar

9 Census of the Commonwealth of Australia, 1921, vol. 2, Statistician's Report, 346. The Census material on average numbers of children included only married women who were ‘enumerated with their husbands’, thus excluding wives whose husbands were absent on the date of the Census and mothers who did not conform to this category. The ABC of Queensland Statistics and Queensland Year Books indicate that about 5 per cent of births in interwar Queensland were ex-nuptial.Google Scholar

10 Queensland Bank Officer, September 1920: 18, Courier-Mail, 13 February 1939: 13. This letter was part of the debate over whether husbands should assist with housework.Google Scholar

11 Cilento, Raphael, ‘Observations on the White Working Population of Queensland’, Part 1, Health, 4(1) (1926): 10.Google Scholar

12 Cilento, ‘Observations’: 10.Google Scholar

13 Woman's Budget, 19 February 1921: 5.Google Scholar

14 Queensland Bank Officer, September 1920: 18.Google Scholar

15 Isbel, C.E., ‘Coorparoo Days Recalled’, Journal of the Royal Historical Society of Queensland, 9(4) (1972–73): 119.Google Scholar

16 Probert, Belinda, Working Life: Arguments About Work in Australian Society (Ringwood: Penguin, 1990), 2.Google Scholar

17 Council Letter (Journal of the QCWA), March 1931.Google Scholar

18 Woman's Budget, 14 May 1921, 5; North Queensland Guardian, 21 August 1937: 2.Google Scholar

19 Census of the Commonwealth of Australia, 1921, vol. 2, statistician's report, 355; and 1933, vol. 3, Statistician's Report, 84.Google Scholar

20 Australian Home Beautiful, 2 July 1928: 60.Google Scholar

21 Census of the Commonwealth of Australia, 1933, vol. 2, 1914–15.Google Scholar

22 Cilento, ‘Observations’: 11.Google Scholar

23 Courier-Mail, 13 February 1939: 13.Google Scholar

24 Census of the Commonwealth of Australia, 1921, vol. 1, 482; vol. 2, 1350–51, 1358–59; and 1933, vol. 2, 1114. These figures do not include persons who listed their usual occupation as domestic service but who were unemployed at the time of the Census.Google Scholar

25 Everylady's Journal, 1 December 1930: 489–90.Google Scholar

26 Johnston, W. Ross, A New Province? The Closer Settlement of Monto (Brisbane: Boolarong, 1982), 127.Google Scholar

27 Everylady's Journal, 1 October 1926: 301.Google Scholar

28 Brydon, M.H., ‘Women's Life in North Queensland’, Health, 1(6) (1925): 167; Queensland Country Life, 19 September 1935: 6.Google Scholar

29 Brydon, ‘Women's Life in North Queensland’: 167.Google Scholar

30 Census of the Commonwealth of Australia, 1933, vol. 3, Statistician's Report, 186, 200.Google Scholar

31 Cilento, ‘Observations’: 39.Google Scholar

32 Census of the Commonwealth of Australia, 1921, vol. 2, statistician's report, 285; Evidence presented to the Sugar Enquiry Board quoted in Council Letter, March 1931.Google Scholar

33 Council Letter, March 1931.Google Scholar

34 Game, Ann and Pringle, Rosemary, Gender at Work (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1983), 120; Duncan Ironmonger and Evelyn Sonius, ‘Household Productive Activities’, in Duncan Ironmonger (ed.), Households Work: Productive Activities, Women and Income in the Household Economy (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1989), 20.Google Scholar

35 Cilento, ‘Observations’: 8. A skillion kitchen was a kitchen located in a lean-to or a structure separate from the house.Google Scholar

36 Cilento, ‘Observations’: 1013.Google Scholar