Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-lj6df Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-17T18:09:16.581Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Massive deposition of Sahelian dust on the Canary Island Lanzarote during North Atlantic Heinrich Events

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 January 2021

Hartmut Heinrich*
Affiliation:
10°E maritime consulting, Falkenburger Ring 4, 22147Hamburg
Christoph Schmidt
Affiliation:
University of Bayreuth and Géopolis - Office 4414, Université de Lausanne, 1015Lausanne
Florian Ziemen
Affiliation:
Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie Hamburg and Deutsches Klimarechenzentrum GmbH (DKRZ), Bundesstraße 45 a, 20146Hamburg
Uwe Mikolajewicz
Affiliation:
Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie Hamburg, Bundesstr. 53, 20146Hamburg
Christopher-Bastian Roettig
Affiliation:
Institut für Geographie, Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 10, 01069Dresden
*
Corresponding author at e-mail: 10e-maritime-consult@web.de (H. Heinrich)

Abstract

New IRSL ages of eolianites close to Muñique (Lanzarote) demonstrate the influence of millennial scale climatic variability on the sedimentary dynamics on the Canary Islands during the last glacial cycle. The repetitive succession of interstadial and stadial climatic conditions formed multiple sequences of eolian deposits, each in general comprising three depositional types. DepoType 1 and DepoType 2 consist mainly of marine biogenic carbonate detritus with small amounts of dust from the Sahara representing interstadial conditions. DepoType 2 compared to DepoType 1 is characterized by larger amounts of land snails and calcified brood cells. A DepoType 3 rich in dust from African subtropical/tropical Latisols terminates a sequence. IRSL dating on DepoType 3 type deposits clearly shows that these were deposited during Heinrich Events under stadial conditions. The stadial cooling of the North Atlantic Ocean caused a southern shift of climate zones that culminated during Heinrich Events when the arctic climate reaches its most southerly extent. As a consequence, atmospheric changes led to massive dust supply from the then-dry Sahel. The increase in dust and precipitation from the dry DepoTypes 1 to the more humid DepoTypes 3 originates from a modified atmospheric dynamic during a millennial cycle.

Type
Thematic Set: Heinrich Events
Copyright
Copyright © University of Washington. Published by Cambridge University Press, 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Munsell soil color charts. 1975. Munsell Color, Baltimore.Google Scholar
Aitken, M.J.,1985. Thermoluminiscense dating. Academic Press, Orlando, Florida.Google Scholar
Andrews, J.T., 2000. Icebergs and iceberg rafted detritus (IRD) in the North Atlantic: facts and assumptions. Oceanography, 13, 100108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bard, E., Rostek, F., Turon, J.L., Gendreau, S., 2000. Hydrological impact of Heinrich events in the subtropical Northeast Atlantic. Science 289, 13211324.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blazey, B., Paul, A., Liu, H., Prange, M., 2014. Simulation of the intertropical convergence zone displacement and impacts during the Eemian and Heinrich events. In: EGU General Assembly Conference, Geophysical Research Abstracts 16, EGU2014-12366-1.Google Scholar
Bøtter-Jensen, L., Andersen, C.E., Duller, G.A.T., Murray, A.S., 2003. Developments in radiation, stimulation and observation facilities in luminescence measurements. Radiation Measurements 37, 535541.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bouab, N., Lamothe, M., 1995. Geochronological framework for the Quaternary paleoclimatic record of the Rosa Negra section. (Fuerteventura Canary Islands, Spain). In: Meco, J., Petit-Maire, N. (Eds.) Climate of the Past. International Union of Geological Sciences, Unesco, Earth Processes in Global Change. pp 37–42, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria; Universidad, 1997Google Scholar
Bouimetarhan, I., Prange, M., Schefuß, E., Dupont, L., Lippold, J., Mulitza, S., Zonneveld, K., 2012. Sahel megadrought during Heinrich Stadial 1: evidence for a three-phase evolution of the low- and mid-level West African wind system. Quaternary Science Reviews 58, 6676.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bozzano, G., Kuhlmann, H., Alonso, B., 2002. Storminess control over African dust input to the Moroccan Atlantic margin (NW Africa) at the time of maxima boreal summer insolation: a record of the last 220 kyr. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 183, 155168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caquineau, S., Gaudichet, A., Gomes, L., Magonthier, M.C., Chatenet, B., 1998. Saharan dust: clay ratio as a relevant tracer to assess the origin of soil-derived aerosols. Geophysical Research Letters 25, 983986.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carlson, T.N., Prospero, J.M., 1972. The large-scale movement of saharan air outbreaks over the northern equatorial Atlantic. Journal of Applied Meteorology 11, 283297.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chapman, M.R., Shackleton, N.J., 1998. Millennial-scale fluctuations in North Atlantic heat flux during the last 150 000 years. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 159, 5770.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collins, J.A., Govin, A., Mulitza, S., Heslop, D., Zabel, M., Hartmann, J., Röhl, U., Wefer, G., 2013. Abrupt shifts of the Sahara-Sahel boundary during Heinrich stadials. Climate of the Past 9, 11811191.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Criado, C., Torres, J.M., Hansen, A., Lillo, P., Naranjo, A., 2012. Intercalaciones de polvo sahariano en paleodunas bioclásticas de Fuerteventura (Islas Canarias). Cuaternario y Geomorphología 26, 7388.Google Scholar
Damnati, B., 1997. Mineralogical and sedimentological characterization of Quaternary eolian formations and paleosols in Fuerteventura and Lanzarote (Canary Islands, Spain). In: Climates of the Past: Proceedings of the CLIP meeting held June 2–7 1995, Lanzarote and Fuerteventura (Canary Islands, Spain), pp. 71–77.Google Scholar
de Abreu, L., Shackleton, N.J., Schönfeld, J., Hall, M., Chapman, M., 2003. Millennial-scale oceanic climate variability off the Western Iberian margin during the last two glacial periods. Marine Geology 196, 120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deplazes, G., Lückge, A., Peterson, L.C., Timmermann, A., Hamann, Y., Hughen, K.A., Röhl, U., Laj, C., Cane, M.A., Sigman, D.M., et al. , 2013. Links between tropical rainfall and North Atlantic climate during the last glacial period. Nature Geoscience 6, 213217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dietze, M., Kreutzer, S., Burow, C., Fuchs, M.C., Fischer, M., Schmidt, C., 2016. The abanico plot: visualising chronometric data with individual standard errors. Quaternary Geochronology 31, 1218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duller, G.A.T., 2008. Single-grain optical dating of Quaternary sediments: why aliquot size matters in luminescence dating. Boreas 37, 589612.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Durcan, J.A., King, G.E., Duller, G.AT., 2015. DRAC: dose rate and age calculator for trapped charge dating. Quaternary Geochronology 28, 5461.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edwards, N., Meco, J., 2000. Morphology and palaeoenvironment of brood cells of Quaternary ground-nesting solitary bees (Hymenoptera, Apidae) from Fuerteventura, Canary Islands, Spain. Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association 111, 173183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellis, W.N., Ellis-Adam, A.C., 1993. Fossil brood cells of solitary bees on Fuerteventura and Lanzarote, Canary Islands (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Entomologische Berichten 53, 161173.Google Scholar
Faust, D., Yanes, Y., Willkommen, T., Roettig, C.B., Richter, D, Suchodoletz, H. von, Zöller, L., 2015. A contribution to the understanding of late Pleistocene dune sand-paleosol-sequences in Fuerteventura (Canary Islands). Geomorphology 246, 290304.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Formenti, P., Caquineau, S., Desboeufs, K., Klaver, A., Chevaillier, S., Journet, E., Rajot, J.L., 2014. Mapping the physico-chemical properties of mineral dust in western Africa: mineralogical composition. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14, 1066310686.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gasse, F., 2000. Hydrological changes in the African tropics since the last glacial maximum. Quaternary Science Reviews 19, 189211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Genise, J.F., Alonso-Zarza, A.M., Verde, M., Meléndez, A., 2013. Insect trace fossils in aeolian deposits and calcretes from the Canary Islands: their ichnotaxonomy, producers, and palaeoenvironmental significance. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 377, 110124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grousset, F.E., Parra, M., Bory, A., Martinez, P., Bertrand, P., Shimmield, G., Ellam, R.M., 1998. Saharan wind regimes traced by the Sr-Nd isotopic composition of subtropical Atlantic sediments: last glacial maximum vs today. Quaternary Science Reviews 17, 395409.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grousset, P., Labeyrie, L., Sinko, J.A., Cremer, M., Bond, G., Cortijo, E., Huon, S., 1993. Patterns of ice rafted detritus in the glacial North Atlantic (40–55°N). Paleoclimatology 8, 175192.Google Scholar
Handiani, D., Paul, A., Prange, M., Merkel, U., Dupont, L., Zhang, X., 2013. Tropical vegetation response to Heinrich Event 1 as simulated with the UVic ESCM and CCSM3. Climate of the Past 9, 16831696.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heinrich, H., 1988. Origin and consequences of cyclic ice rafting in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean during the past 130,000 years. Quaternary Research 29, 142152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hemming, S.R., 2004. Heinrich events: massive late Pleistocene detritus layers of the North Atlantic and their global climate imprint. Reviews of Geophysics 42,CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holz, C., Stuut, J.B.W., Henrich, R., 2004. Terrigenous sedimentation processes along the continental margin off NW Africa: implications from grain-size analysis of seabed sediments. Sedimentology 51, 11451154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Itambi, A.C., von Dobeneck, T., Mulitza, S., Bickert, T., Heslop, D., 2009. Millennial-scale northwest African droughts related to Heinrich events and Dansgaard-Oeschger cycles: evidence in marine sediments from offshore Senegal. Paleoceanography 24, PA1205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jaramillo-Vélez, A., Menéndez, I., Alonso, I., Mangas, J., Hernández-León, S., 2016. Grain size, morphometry and mineralogy of airborne input in the Canary basin: evidence of iron particle retention in the mixed layer. Scientia Marina 80, 142152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jullien, E., Grousset, F., Malaizé, B., Duprat, J., Sanchez-Goñi, M.F., Eynaud, F., Charlier, K., Schneider, R., Bory, A., Bout, V., et al. , 2007. Low-latitude “dusty events” vs. high-latitude “icy Heinrich events.” Quaternary Research 68, 379386..CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koopmann, B., 1981. Sedimentation von Saharastaub im subtropischen Nordatlantik während der letzten 25.000 Jahre. Meteor Forsch Ergeb Reihe C. 35, 2359.Google Scholar
McGee, D., DeMenocal, P.B., Winckler, G., Stuut, J.B., Bradtmiller, L.I., 2013. The magnitude, timing and abruptness of changes in North African dust deposition over the last 20,000 yr. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 371–372, 163176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McManus, J.F., Bond, G.C., Broecker, W.S., Johnsen, S., Labeyrie, L., Higgins, S., 1994. High-resolution climate records from the North Atlantic during the last interglacial. Nature 371, 326329.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McManus, J.F., Oppo, D.W., Cullen, J.L., 1999. A 0.5-Million-year record of millennial-scale climate variability in the North Atlantic. Science 283, 971975.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meco, J., Muhs, D.R., Fontugne, M., Ramos, A.N.J.G, Lomoschitz, A., Patterson, D.A., 2011. Late Pliocene and Quaternary eurasian locust infestations in the Canary Archipelago. Lethaia 44, 440454.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meco, J., Petit-Maire, N., Fontugne, M., Shimmield, G., Ramos, A.J., 1997. The Quaternary deposits of Lanzarote and Fuerteventura (Eastern Canary Islands, Spain): an overview. In Climates of the past: proceedings of the CLIP meeting held june 2–7, 1995, Lanzarote and Fuerteventura / coord. por Nicole Petit-Maire; Joaquín Meco Cabrera (ed. lit.), 1997, págs. 123–136; ISBN 84-89728-18-6,Google Scholar
Menéndez, I., Díaz-Hernández, J.L., Mangas, J., Alonso, I., Sánchez-Soto, P.J., 2007. Airborne dust accumulation and soil development in the north-east sector of Gran Canaria (Canary Islands, Spain). Journal of Arid Environments 71, 5781.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Menéndez, I., Pérez-Chacón, E., Mangas, J., Tauler, E., Engelbrecht, J.P., Derbyshire, E., Cana, L., Alonso, I., 2014. Dust deposits on La Graciosa Island (Canary Islands, Spain): texture, mineralogy and a case study of recent dust plume transport. CATENA 117, 133144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Middleton, J.L., Mukhopadhyay, S., Langmuir, C.H., McManus, J.F., Huybers, P.J., 2018. Millennial-scale variations in dustiness recorded in mid-Atlantic sediments from 0 to 70 ka. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 482, 1222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mikolajewicz, U., Vizcaíno, M., Jungclaus, J.., Schurgers, G., 2007. Effect of ice sheet interactions in anthropogenic climate change simulations. Geophysical Research Letters 34,18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moreno, A., Targarona, J., Henderiks, J., Canals, M., Freudenthal, T., Meggers, H., 2001. Orbital forcing of dust supply to the North Canary Basin over the last 250 kyr. Quaternary Science Reviews 20, 13271339.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muhs, D.R., Budahn, J., Skipp, G., Prospero, J.M., Patterson, D.A., Bettis, E.A., 2010. Geochemical and mineralogical evidence for Sahara and Sahel dust additions to Quaternary soils on Lanzarote, eastern Canary Islands, Spain. Terra Nova 22, 399410.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mulitza, S., Prange, M., Stuut, J.B., Zabel, M., von Dobeneck, T., Itambi, A.C., Nizou, J., Schulz, M., Wefer, G., 2008. Sahel megadroughts triggered by glacial slowdowns of Atlantic meridional overturning. Paleoceanography 23, 111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Naughton, F., Sánchez Goñi, M.F., Kageyama, M., Bard, E., Duprat, J., Cortijo, E., Desprat, S., Malaizé, B., Joly, C., Rostek, F., et al. , 2009. Wet to dry climatic trend in north-western Iberia within Heinrich events. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 284, 329342.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ojanuga, A.G., 1979. Clay mineralogy of soils in the Nigerian tropical savanna regions. Soil Science Society of America Journal 43, 12371242.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ortiz, J.E., Torres, T., Yanes, Y., Castillo, C., de la Nuez, J., Ibáñez, M., Alonso, M.R., 2006. Climatic cycles inferred from the aminostratigraphy and aminochronology of Quaternary dunes and palaeosols from the eastern islands of the Canary Archipelago. Journal of Quaternary Science 21, 287306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Preusser, F., 2003. IRSL dating of K-rich feldspars using the SAR protocol: comparison with independent age control. Ancient TL 221, 1723.Google Scholar
Prospero, J.M., Mayol-Bracero, O.L., 2013. Understanding the transport and impact of African dust on the Caribbean basin. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 94, 13291337.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ravelo-Pérez, L., Rodríguez, S., Galindo, L., García, M.I., Alastuey, A., López-Solano, J., 2016. Soluble iron dust export in the high altitude Saharan Air Layer. Atmospheric Environment 133, 4959.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodrigues, T., Alonso-García, M., Hodell, D.A., Rufino, M., Naughton, F., Grimalt, J.O., Voelker, A.H.L., Abrantes, F., 2017. A 1-Ma record of sea surface temperature and extreme cooling events in the North Atlantic: a perspective from the Iberian margin. Quaternary Science Reviews 172, 118130.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roettig, C.B.., Faust, D., 2018. Paleosurfaces separating dune generations of northern Fuerteventura. In: Geophysical Research Abstract EGU General Assembly. Vol. 20. EGU2018-16490, 2018Google Scholar
Roettig, C.B., Kolb, T., Wolf, D., Baumgart, P., Richter, C., Schleicher, A., Zöller, L., Faust, D., 2017. Complexity of Quaternary aeolian dynamics (Canary Islands). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 472, 146162.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roettig, C.B., Kolb, T., Zöller, L., Zech, M., Faust, D., 2020. A detailed chrono-stratigraphical record of Canarian dune archives - interplay of sand supply and volcanism. Journal of Arid Environments 183, 104240.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roettig, C.B., Varga, G., Sauer, D., Kolb, T., Wolf, D., Makowski, V., Espejo, J.M.R., Zöller, L., Faust, D., 2019. Characteristics, nature, and formation of palaeosurfaces within dunes on Fuerteventura. Quaternary Research 91, 423.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rother, H., Shulmeister, J., Rieser, U., 2010. Stratigraphy, optical dating chronology (IRSL) and depositional model of pre-LGM glacial deposits in the Hope Valley, New Zealand. Quaternary Science Reviews, Volume 29, Issues 3–4, February 2010, Pages 576592CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruddiman, W.F., 1977. Late Quaternary deposition of ice-rafted sand in the subpolar North Atlantic (lat 40° to 65°N). Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 88, 18131827.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scheuvens, D., Schütz, L., Kandler, K., Ebert, M., Weinbruch, S., 2013. Bulk composition of northern African dust and its source sediments–a compilation. Earth-Science Reviews 116, 170194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skonieczny, C., McGee, D., Winckler, G., Bory, A., Bradtmiller, L.I., Kinsley, C. W., Polissar, P.J., de Pol-Holz, R., Rossignol, L., Malaizé, B., 2019. Monsoon-driven Saharan dust variability over the past 240,000 years. Science Advances. 5, 19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stager, J.C., Ryves, D.B., Chase, B.M., Pausata, F.S.R., 2011. Catastrophic drought in the Afro-Asian monsoon region during Heinrich event 1. Science 331, 12991302.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thiel, C., Buylaert, J-P., Murray, A., Terhorst, B., Hofer, I., Tsukamoto, S., Frechen, M., 2011. Luminescence dating of the Stratzing loess profile (Austria) – Testing the potential of an elevated temperature post-IR IRSL protocol. Quaternary International 234, 2331.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tjallingii, R., Claussen, M., Stuut, J.B.W., Fohlmeister, J., Jahn, A., Bickert, T., Lamy, F., Röhl, U., 2008. Coherent high- and low-latitude control of the northwest African hydrological balance. Nature Geoscience 1, 670675.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Voelker, A.H.L., de Abreu, L., 2011. A Review of Abrupt Climate Change Events in the Northeastern Atlantic Ocean (Iberian Margin): Latitudinal, Longitudinal, and Vertical Gradients. In: Rashid, H., Polyak, L., Mosley-Thompson, E. (Eds.), 2011. Abrupt Climate Change: Mechanisms, Patterns, and Impacts. Volume 193, 1537. Geophysical Monograph SeriesCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Voelker, A.H.L., de Abreu, L., Schönfeld, J., Erlenkeuser, H., Abrantes, F., 2009. Hydrographic conditions along the western Iberian margin during marine isotope stage 2. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 10, Q12U08.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
von Suchodoletz, H., Faust, D., Zöller, L., 2009. Geomorphological investigations of sediment traps on Lanzarote (Canary Islands) as a key for the interpretation of a palaeoclimate archive off NW Africa. Quaternary International 196, 4456.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
von Suchodoletz, H., Fuchs, M., Zöller, L., 2008. Dating Saharan dust deposits on Lanzarote (Canary Islands) by luminescence dating techniques and their implication for palaeoclimate reconstruction of NW Africa. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 9, 119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
von Suchodoletz, H., Oberhänsli, H., Faust, D., Fuchs, M., Blanchet, C., Goldhammer, T., Zöller, L., 2009. The evolution of Saharan dust input on Lanzarote (Canary Islands) – influenced by human activity in the northwest Sahara during the early Holocene? The Holocene 20, 2, 169179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
von Suchodoletz, H., Oberhänsli, H., Hambach, U., Zöller, L., Fuchs, M., Faust, D., 2010. Soil moisture fluctuations recorded in Saharan dust deposits on Lanzarote (Canary Islands) over the last 180 ka. Quaternary Science Reviews 29, 21732184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
von Suchodoletz, H., Zöller, L., Hilgers, A., Radtke, U., Faust, D., 2013. Vegas and dune-palaeosoil-sequences–two different palaeoenvironmental archives on the Eastern Canary Islands. In: Fernández-Palacios, J.M., de Nascimento, L., Hernández, J.C., Clemente, S., González, A., Diaz-González, J.P. (Eds.), Climate Change Perspectives from the Atlantic: Past, Present and Future. Servivio de Publicaciones, Universidad de La Laguna, pp. 259274.Google Scholar
Weinzierl, B., Ansmann, A., Prospero, J.M., Althausen, D., Benker, N., Chouza, F., Dollner, M., Farrell, D., Fomba, W.K., Freudenthaler, V., et al. ., 2017. The Saharan aerosol long-range transport and aerosol–cloud-interaction experiment: overview and selected highlights. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 98, 14271451.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, R.H., McGee, D., Kinsley, C.W., Ridley, D.A., Hu, S., Fedorov, A., Tal, I., Murray, R.W., DeMenocal, P.B., 2016. Glacial to Holocene changes in trans-Atlantic Saharan dust transport and dust-climate feedbacks. Science Advances. 2(11).CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wintle, A.G., 1973. Anomalous fading of thermo-luminescence in mineral samples. Nature 245, 143144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wintle, A.G., Murray, A.S., 2006. A review of quartz optically stimulated luminescence characteristics and their relevance in single-aliquot regeneration dating protocols. Radiation Measurements 41, 369391.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, A.K., Flower, B.P., 2002. Surface and deep ocean circulation in the subpolar North Atlantic during the mid-Pleistocene revolution. Paleoceanography 17, 1068.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ziemen, F.A., Kapsch, M.L., Klockmann, M., Mikolajewicz, U., 2019. Heinrich events show two-stage climate response in transient glacial simulations. Climate of the Past 15, 153168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ziemen, F.A., Rodehacke, C.B., Mikolajewicz, U., 2014. Coupled ice sheet–climate modeling under glacial and pre-industrial boundary conditions. Climate of the Past 10, 18171836.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zöller, L., Pernicka, E., 1989. A note on overcounting in alpha-counters and its elimination. Ancient TL 7, 1114.Google Scholar
Zou, Y., Boley, C., 2019. Eigenschaften und Klassifikation von Böden. In: Boley, C. (Ed.). Handbuch Geotechnik. Springer Vieweg, Wiesbaden, pp. 1357.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Heinrich et al. supplementary material

Heinrich et al. supplementary material

Download Heinrich et al. supplementary material(File)
File 22.8 KB
Supplementary material: File

Heinrich et al. supplementary material

Tables S1-S2

Download Heinrich et al. supplementary material(File)
File 19.8 KB