Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-c47g7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-19T14:55:18.462Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Type-Ia Supernova Rates and the Progenitor Problem: A Review

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2013

D. Maoz  and
F. Mannucci
D. Maoz*
Affiliation:
School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
F. Mannucci
Affiliation:
INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, 50125 Firenze, Italy Harvard–Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
*
DCorresponding author. Email: maoz@astro.tau.ac.il
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

The identity of the progenitor systems of type-Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) is a major unsolved problem in astrophysics. SN Ia rates are providing some striking clues. We review the basics of SN rate measurement, preach about some sins of SN rate measurement and analysis, and illustrate one of these sins with an analogy about Martian scientists. We review the recent progress in measuring SN Ia rates in various environments and redshifts, and their use to reconstruct the SN Ia delay-time distribution (DTD)—the SN rate versus time that would follow a hypothetical brief burst of star formation. A good number of DTD measurements, using a variety of methods, appear to be converging. At delays 1 <t<10 Gyr, these measurements show a similar, ∼t−1, power-law shape. The DTD peaks at the shortest delays probed. This result supports the idea of a double-degenerate progenitor origin for SNe Ia. Single-degenerate progenitors may still play a role in producing short-delay SNe Ia, or perhaps all SNe Ia, if the red-giant donor channel is more efficient than is found by most theoretical models. The DTD normalization enjoys fairly good agreement (though perhaps some tension), among the various measurements, with a Hubble time–integrated DTD value of about 2 ± 1 SNe Ia per 1000M⊙ (stellar mass formed with a low–mass turnover initial mass function). The local WD binary population suggests that the WD merger rate can explain the Galactic SN Ia rate, but only if sub-Chandra mergers lead to SN Ia events. We point to some future directions that should lead to progress in the field, including measurement of the bivariate (delay and stretch) SN Ia response function.

Keywords

supernovae: white dwarfs
Type
Research Front: 2. Supernovae and their Host Galaxies
Information
Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia , Volume 29 , Issue 4 , 2012 , pp. 447 - 465
Copyright
Copyright © Astronomical Society of Australia 2012

References

Aubourg, É., Tojeiro, R., Jimenez, R., Heavens, A., Strauss, M. A. & Spergel, D. N., 2008, A&A, 492, 631Google Scholar
Badenes, C., Hughes, J. P., Bravo, E. & Langer, N., 2007, ApJ, 662, 472CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Badenes, C., Mullally, F., Thompson, S. E. & Lupton, R. H., 2009, ApJ, 707, 971CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Badenes, C., Maoz, D. & Draine, B. T., 2010, MNRAS, 407, 1301CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barbary, K., et al. , 2010, arXiv:1010.5786Google Scholar
Barbary, K., et al. , 2011, arXiv:1110.6442Google Scholar
Barris, B. J. & Tonry, J. L., 2006, ApJ, 637, 427CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bell, E. F., McIntosh, D. H., Katz, N. & Weinberg, M. D., 2003, ApJS, 149, 289CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bentz, M. C., et al. , 2010, ApJ, 720, L46CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bianco, F. B., et al. , 2011, arXiv:1106.4008Google Scholar
Blanc, G. & Greggio, L., 2008, NewA, 13, 606CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blanc, G., et al. , 2004, A&A, 423, 881Google Scholar
Blondin, J. M., Borkowski, K. J., Reynolds, S. P. & Foight, D. R., 2010, Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society, 41, #427.01Google Scholar
Bloom, J. S., et al. , 2011, arXiv:1111.0966Google Scholar
Bogomazov, A. I. & Tutukov, A. V., 2009, ARep, 53, 214Google Scholar
Bogomazov, A. I. & Tutukov, A. V., 2011, ARep, 55, 497Google Scholar
Botticella, M. T., et al. , 2008, A&A, 479, 49Google Scholar
Brandt, T. D., Tojeiro, R., Aubourg, É., Heavens, A., Jimenez, R. & Strauss, M. A., 2010, AJ, 140, 804CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bravo, E. & Badenes, C., 2011, MNRAS, 414, 1592CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bregman, J. N., Anderson, M. E. & Dai, X., 2010, ApJ, 716, L63CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, P. J., et al. , 2011, arXiv:1110.2538Google Scholar
Cappellaro, E., Evans, R. & Turatto, M., 1999, A&A, 351, 459Google Scholar
Cash, W., 1979, ApJ, 228, 939CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cassisi, S., Iben, I. Jr, & Tornambe, A., 1998, ApJ, 496, 376CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, X., Han, Z. & Tout, C. A., 2011, ApJ, 735, L31CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chomiuk, L. & Soderberg, A., 2011, ATel, 3597, 1Google Scholar
Chomiuk, L., Soderberg, A. M., Chevalier, R., Badenes, C. & Fransson, C., 2011, Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society, 43, #304.05Google Scholar
Ciotti, L., D'Ercole, A., Pellegrini, S. & Renzini, A., 1991, ApJ, 376, 380CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colbert, J. W., Mulchaey, J. S. & Zabludoff, A. I., 2001, AJ, 121, 808CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooper, M. C., Newman, J. A. & Yan, R., 2009, ApJ, 704, 687CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cresci, G., Mannucci, F., Della Valle, M. & Maiolino, R., 2007, A&A, 462, 927Google Scholar
Daddi, E., Cimatti, A. & Renzini, A., 2000, A&A, 362, L45Google Scholar
Dahlen, T., et al. , 2004, ApJ, 613, 189CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dahlen, T., Strolger, L.-G. & Riess, A. G., 2008, ApJ, 681, 462CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Darbha, S., Metzger, B. D., Quataert, E., Kasen, D., Nugent, P. & Thomas, R., 2010, MNRAS, 409, 846CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Della Valle, M. & Panagia, N., 2003, ApJ, 587, L71CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Della Valle, M., Panagia, N., Padovani, P., Cappellaro, E., Mannucci, F. & Turatto, M., 2005, ApJ, 629, 750CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Di Paola, A., Larionov, V., Arkharov, A., Bernardi, F., Caratti o Garatti, A., Dolci, M., Di Carlo, E. & Valentini, G, 2002, A&A, 393, L21Google Scholar
Di Stefano, R., 2010, ApJ, 712, 728CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Di Stefano, R., Voss, R. & Claeys, J. S. W, 2011, arXiv:1102.4342Google Scholar
Dilday, B., et al. , 2008, ApJ, 682, 262CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dilday, B., et al. , 2010a, ApJ, 713, 1026CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dilday, B., et al. , 2010b, ApJ, 715, 1021CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eisenhardt, P. R. M, et al. , 2008, ApJ, 684, 905CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foley, R. J., et al. , 2011, arXiv:1109.0987Google Scholar
Förster, F. & Schawinski, K., 2008, MNRAS, 388, L74CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Förster, F., Wolf, C., Podsiadlowski, P. & Han, Z., 2006, MNRAS, 368, 1893CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fuhrmann, K., 2005, MNRAS, 359, L35CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gal-Yam, A. & Maoz, D., 2004, MNRAS, 347, 942CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gal-Yam, A., Maoz, D. & Sharon, K., 2002, MNRAS, 332, 37CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gal-Yam, A., Maoz, D., Guhathakurta, P. & Filippenko, A. V., 2008, ApJ, 680, 550CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gallagher, J. S., Garnavich, P. M., Caldwell, N., Kirshner, R. P., Jha, S. W., Li, W., Ganeshalingam, M. & Filippenko, A. V., 2008, ApJ, 685, 752CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gallazzi, A., Charlot, S., Brinchmann, J., White, S. D. M & Tremonti, C. A., 2005, MNRAS, 362, 41CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ganeshalingam, M., Li, W. & Filippenko, A. V., 2011, MNRAS, 416, 2607CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geier, S., Nesslinger, S., Heber, U., Przybilla, N., Napiwotzki, R. & Kudritzki, R.-P., 2007, A&A, 464, 299Google Scholar
Geier, S., Heber, U., Kupfer, T. & Napiwotzki, R., 2010, A&A, 515, A37Google Scholar
Gilfanov, M. & Bogdán, Á., 2010, Natur, 463, 924CrossRefGoogle Scholar
González-Gaitán, S., et al. , 2011, ApJ, 727, 107CrossRefGoogle Scholar
González Hernández, J. I., Ruiz-Lapuente, P., Filippenko, A. V., Foley, R. J., Gal-Yam, A. & Simon, J. D., 2009, ApJ, 691, 1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gould, A., 2011, ApJ, 729, L23CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graham, M. L., et al. , 2008, AJ, 135, 1343CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graham, M. L., et al. , 2010, AJ, 139, 594CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graur, O., et al. , 2011, MNRAS, in press, arXiv:1102.0005Google Scholar
Greggio, L., 2005, A&A, 441, 1055Google Scholar
Greggio, L., 2010, MNRAS, 406, 22CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greggio, L. & Renzini, A., 1983, A&A, 118, 217Google Scholar
Greggio, L., Renzini, A. & Daddi, E., 2008, MNRAS, 388, 829CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grogin, N. A., et al. , 2011, ApJS, 197, 35CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guerrero, J., García-Berro, E. & Isern, J., 2004, A&A, 413, 257Google Scholar
Guillochon, J., Dan, M., Ramirez-Ruiz, E. & Rosswog, S., 2010, ApJ, 709, L64CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hachisu, I., Kato, M. & Nomoto, K., 1999, ApJ, 522, 487CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hachisu, I., Kato, M. & Nomoto, K., 2008a, ApJ, 679, 1390CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hachisu, I., Kato, M. & Nomoto, K., 2008b, ApJ, 683, L127CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hachisu, I., Kato, M. & Nomoto, K., 2010, ApJ, 724, L212CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hakobyan, A. A., et al. , 2011, arXiv:1104.0300Google Scholar
Han, Z. & Podsiadlowski, P., 2004, MNRAS, 350, 1301CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Han, Z., Podsiadlowski, P. & Eggleton, P. P., 1995, MNRAS, 272, 800Google Scholar
Hancock, P. P., Gaensler, B. M. & Murphy, T., 2011, ApJ, 735, L35CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hardin, D., et al. , 2000, A&A, 362, 419Google Scholar
Harris, J. & Zaritsky, D., 2009, AJ, 138, 1243CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harris, H. C., et al. , 2006, AJ, 131, 571CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayden, B. T., et al. , 2010, ApJ, 722, 1691CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Helder, E. A, et al. , 2009, Sci, 325, 719CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hicken, M., et al. , 2009, ApJ, 700, 1097CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hopkins, A. M. & Beacom, J. F., 2006, ApJ, 651, 142CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horesh, A., Poznanski, D., Ofek, E. O. & Maoz, D., 2008, MNRAS, 389, 1871CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horesh, A., et al. , 2011, arXiv:1109.2912Google Scholar
Horiuchi, S. & Beacom, J. F., 2010, ApJ, 723, 329CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horiuchi, S., Beacom, J. F., Kochanek, C. S., Prieto, J. L., Stanek, K. Z. & Thompson, T. A. 2011, arXiv:1102.1977Google Scholar
Howell, D. A., 2011, NatCo, 2Google Scholar
Hoyle, F. & Fowler, W. A., 1960, ApJ, 132, 565CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howell, D. A., et al. , 2009, ApJ, 691, 661CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iben, I. Jr, & Renzini, A., 1983, A&A, 21, 271Google Scholar
Iben, I. Jr, & Tutukov, A. V., 1984, ApJS, 54, 335CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ihara, Y., Ozaki, J., Doi, M., Shigeyama, T., Kashikawa, N., Komiyama, K. & Hattori, T., 2007, PASJ, 59, 811CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ilkov, M. & Soker, N., 2011, arXiv:1106.2027Google Scholar
Jimenez, R., Bernardi, M., Haiman, Z., Panter, B. & Heavens, A. F., 2007, ApJ, 669, 947CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jorgensen, H. E., Lipunov, V. M., Panchenko, I. E., Postnov, K. A. & Prokhorov, M. E., 1997, ApJ, 486, 110CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Justham, S., 2011, ApJ, 730, L34CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kajisawa, M., Ichikawa, T., Yoshikawa, T., Yamada, T., Onodera, M., Akiyama, M. & Tanaka, I., 2011, PASJ, 63, 403CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kankare, E., et al. , 2008, ApJ, 689, L97CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kasen, D., 2010, ApJ, 708, 1025CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kasen, D., Woosley, S. E. & Heger, A., 2011, ApJ, 734, 102CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kashi, A. & Soker, N., 2011, arXiv:1105.5698Google Scholar
Kaviraj, S., 2010, MNRAS, 408, 170CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kerzendorf, W. E., Schmidt, B. P., Asplund, M., Nomoto, K., Podsiadlowski, P., Frebel, A., Fesen, R. A. & Yong, D., 2009, ApJ, 701, 1665CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khokhlov, A. M., 1991, A&A, 245, 114Google Scholar
Kistler, M. D., Stanek, K. Z., Kochanek, C. S., Prieto, J. L. & Thompson, T. A., 2011, arXiv:1106.3115Google Scholar
Kobayashi, C. & Nomoto, K., 2009, ApJ, 707, 1466CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koekemoer, A. M., et al. , 2011, ApJS, 197, 36CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kozai, Y., 1962, AJ, 67, 591CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krueger, B. K., Jackson, A. P., Townsley, D. M., Calder, A. C., Brown, E. F. & Timmes, F. X., 2010, ApJ, 719, L5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krughoff, K. S., Connolly, A. J., Frieman, J., SubbaRao, M., Kilper, G. & Schneider, D. P., 2011, ApJ, 731, 42CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuznetsova, N. et al. , 2008, ApJ, 673, 981CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leaman, J., Li, W., Chornock, R. & Filippenko, A. V., 2011, MNRAS, 412, 1419CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, W., et al. , 2011a, MNRAS, 412, 1441CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, W., Chornock, R., Leaman, J., Filippenko, A. V., Poznanski, D., Wang, X., Ganeshalingam, M. & Mannucci, F., 2011b, MNRAS, 412, 1473CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, W., et al. , 2011c, arXiv:1109.1593Google Scholar
Lipunov, V. M., Postnov, K. A., Prokhorov, M. E. & Bogomazov, A. I., 2009, ARep, 53, 915Google Scholar
Lipunov, V. M., Panchenko, I. E. & Pruzhinskaya, M. V., 2011, NewA, 16, 250CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Madau, P., Della Valle, M. & Panagia, N., 1998, MNRAS, 297, L17CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Madgwick, D. S., Hewett, P. C., Mortlock, D. J. & Wang, L., 2003, ApJ, 599, L33CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maiolino, R., Vanzi, L., Mannucci, F., Cresci, G., Ghinassi, F. & Della Valle, M., 2002, A&A, 389, 84Google Scholar
Mannucci, F., 2009, American Institute of Physics Conference Series, 1111, 467Google Scholar
Mannucci, F., et al. , 2003, A&A, 401, 519Google Scholar
Mannucci, F., DellaValle, M., Panagia, N., Cappellaro, E., Cresci, G., Maiolino, R., Petrosian, A. & Turatto, M., 2005, A&A, 433, 807Google Scholar
Mannucci, F., Della Valle, M. & Panagia, N., 2006, MNRAS, 370, 773CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mannucci, F., Della Valle, M. & Panagia, N., 2007, MNRAS, 377, 1229CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mannucci, F., Maoz, D., Sharon, K., Botticella, M. T., Della Valle, M., Gal-Yam, A. & Panagia, N., 2008, MNRAS, 383, 1121CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mannucci, F., Cresci, G., Maiolino, R., Marconi, A. & Gnerucci, A., 2010, MNRAS, 408, 2115CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maoz, D., 2008, MNRAS, 384, 267CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maoz, D. & Badenes, C., 2010, MNRAS, 407, 1314CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maoz, D. & Gal-Yam, A., 2004, MNRAS, 347, 951CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maoz, D. & Mannucci, F., 2008, MNRAS, 388, 421CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maoz, D., Sharon, K. & Gal-Yam, A., 2010, ApJ, 722, 1879CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maoz, D., Mannucci, F., Li, W., Filippenko, A. V., Della Valle, M. & Panagia, N., 2011, MNRAS, 412, 1508CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mattila, S., et al. , 2007, ApJ, 659, L9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McMillan, P. J., 2011, MNRAS, 414, 2446CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meng, X. C. & Yang, W. M., 2011a, A&A, 531, A94Google Scholar
Meng, X. & Yang, W., 2011b, arXiv:1105.0754Google Scholar
Meng, X. C., Chen, W. C., Yang, W. M. & Li, Z. M., 2011, A&A, 525, A129Google Scholar
Mennekens, N., Vanbeveren, D., De Greve, J. P. & De Donder, E., 2010, A&A, 515, A89Google Scholar
Million, E. T., Werner, N., Simionescu, A. & Allen, S. W., 2011, arXiv:1108.4434Google Scholar
Napiwotzki, R., et al. , 2004, ASP Conf. Ser. 218, Spectroscopically and Spatially Resolving the Components of the Close Binary Stars (San Francisco: ASP), 402Google Scholar
Neill, J. D., et al. , 2006, AJ, 132, 1126CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neill, J. D., et al. , 2007, in The Multicolored Landscape of Compact Objects and Their Explosive Origins, ed. Salvo, T. di, Israel, G. L., Piersant, L., Burderi, L., Matt, G., Tornambe, A. & Menna, M. T. (New York: AIP), 421Google Scholar
Neill, J. D., et al. , 2009, ApJ, 707, 1449CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nelemans, G. & Tout, C. A., 2005, MNRAS, 356, 753CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nelemans, G., Yungelson, L. R., Portegies Zwart, S. F. & Verbunt, F., 2001, A&A, 365, 491Google Scholar
Nelemans, G., et al. , 2005, A&A, 440, 1087Google Scholar
Nelemans, G., Voss, R., Roelofs, G. & Bassa, C., 2008, MNRAS, 388, 487CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nomoto, K. & Iben, I. Jr, 1985, ApJ, 297, 531CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nugent, P. E., et al. , 2011, arXiv:1110.6201Google Scholar
Pain, R., et al. , 2002, ApJ, 577, 120CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pakmor, R., Röpke, F. K., Weiss, A. & Hillebrandt, W., 2008, A&A, 489, 943Google Scholar
Pakmor, R., Kromer, M., Röpke, F. K., Sim, S. A., Ruiter, A. J. & Hillebrandt, W., 2010, Natur, 463, 61CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Panagia, N., et al. , 2006, ApJ, 646, 369CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patat, F., et al. , 2007, Sci, 317, 924CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perlmutter, S., et al. , 1999, ApJ, 517, 565CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phillips, M. M., 1993, ApJ, 413, L105CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piersanti, L., Cassisi, S., Iben, I. Jr, & Tornambé, A., 2000, ApJ, 535, 932CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piersanti, L., Gagliardi, S., Iben, I. J. & Tornambé, A., 2003, ApJ, 583, 885CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Postman, M., et al. , 2011, arXiv:1106.3328Google Scholar
Powell, L. C., Slyz, A. & Devriendt, J., 2011, MNRAS, 414, 3671CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poznanski, D., et al. , 2007, MNRAS, 382, 1169CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pozzetti, L., et al. , 2010, A&A, 523, A13Google Scholar
Prieto, J. L., Stanek, K. Z. & Beacom, J. F., 2008, ApJ, 673, 999CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pritchet, C. J., Howell, D. A. & Sullivan, M., 2008, ApJ, 683, L25CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quimby, R. M., et al. , 2011, Natur, 474, 487CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rampazzo, R., et al. , 2011, Ap&SS, 7Google Scholar
Raskin, C., Scannapieco, E., Rhoads, J. & Della Valle, M., 2009, ApJ, 707, 74CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rettura, A., et al. , 2011, ApJ, 732, 94CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Riess, A. G., et al. , 1998, AJ, 116, 1009CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodríguez-Gil, P., et al. , 2010, MNRAS, 407, L21CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosswog, S., Kasen, D., Guillochon, J. & Ramirez-Ruiz, E., 2009, ApJ, 705, L128CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruiter, A. J., Belczynski, K. & Fryer, C., 2009, ApJ, 699, 2026CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruiter, A. J., Belczynski, K., Sim, S. A., Hillebrandt, W., Fryer, C. L., Fink, M. & Kromer, M., 2011, MNRAS, in press, arXiv:1011.1407Google Scholar
Ruiz-Lapuente, P., et al. , 2004, Natur, 431, 1069CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sadat, R., Blanchard, A., Guiderdoni, B. & Silk, J., 1998, A&A, 331, L69Google Scholar
Sand, D. J., et al. , 2011, arXiv:1110.1632Google Scholar
Saracco, P., et al. , 2003, A&A, 398, 127Google Scholar
Sarazin, C. L., et al. , 2003, ApJ, 595, 743CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scalzo, R. A., et al. , 2010, ApJ, 713, 1073CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scannapieco, E. & Bildsten, L., 2005, ApJ, 629, L85CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schawinski, K., 2009, MNRAS, 397, 717CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schiavon, R. P., 2010, arXiv:1009.0967Google Scholar
Schiminovich, D., et al. , 2007, ApJS, 173, 315CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seitenzahl, I. R., Ciaraldi-Schoolmann, F. & Roepke, F. K., 2011, MNRAS, 414, 2709CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shara, M. M. & Hurley, J. R., 2002, ApJ, 571, 830CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sharon, K., Gal-Yam, A., Maoz, D., Filippenko, A. V. & Guhathakurta, P., 2007, ApJ, 660, 1165CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sharon, K., et al. , 2010, ApJ, 718, 876CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shen, K. J. & Bildsten, L., 2007, ApJ, 660, 1444CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shen, K. J., Bildsten, L., Kasen, D. & Quataert, E., 2011, arXiv:1108.4036Google Scholar
Silverman, J. M., Ganeshalingam, M., Li, W., Filippenko, A. V., Miller, A. A. & Poznanski, D., 2011, MNRAS, 410, 585CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sim, S. A., et al. , 2010, ApJ, 714, L52CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simon, J. D., et al. , 2009, ApJ, 702, 1157CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smartt, S. J., 2009, ARA&A, 47, 63Google Scholar
Stanford, S. A., et al. , 2005, ApJ, 634, L129CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Starrfield, S., Iliadis, C., Hix, W. R., Timmes, F. X. & Sparks, W. M., 2009, ApJ, 692, 1532CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sternberg, A., et al. , 2011, Sci, 333, 856CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strolger, L.-G., et al. , 2004, ApJ, 613, 200CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strolger, L.-G., Dahlen, T. & Riess, A. G., 2010, ApJ, 713, 32CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Subramanian, S. V., Chen, J. T., Rehkopf, D. H., Waterman, P. D. & Krieger, N., 2006, AmJEpidemiol, 164, 823Google Scholar
Sullivan, M., et al. , 2006, ApJ, 648, 868CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sullivan, M., et al. , 2010, MNRAS, 406, 782Google Scholar
Tanaka, M., et al. , 2010, ApJ, 714, 1209CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, T. A., 2010, arXiv:1011.4322Google Scholar
Thomson, M. G. & Chary, R. R., 2011, ApJ, 731, 72CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tojeiro, R., Wilkins, S., Heavens, A. F., Panter, B. & Jimenez, R., 2009, ApJS, 185, 1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tonry, J. L., et al. , 2003, ApJ, 594, 1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tornambe, A. & Matteucci, F., 1986, MNRAS, 223, 69CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Totani, T., Morokuma, T., Oda, T., Doi, M. & Yasuda, N., 2008, PASJ, 60, 1327CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tout, C. A., 2005, in ASP Conf. Ser. Vol. 330, The Astrophysics of Cataclysmic Variables and Related Objects, ed. Hameury, J.-M. & Lasota, J.-P. (San Francisco: ASP), 279Google Scholar
Tovmassian, G., et al. , 2010, ApJ, 714, 178CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Townsley, D. M. & Bildsten, L., 2005, ApJ, 628, 395CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tremonti, C. A., et al. , 2004, ApJ, 613, 898CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Dokkum, P. G. & van der Marel, R. P., 2007, ApJ, 655, 30CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Kerkwijk, M. H., Chang, P. & Justham, S., 2010, ApJ, 722, L157CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Voss, R. & Nelemans, G., 2008, Natur, 451, 802CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waldman, R., Yungelson, L. R. & Barkat, Z., 2008, Hydrogen-Deficient Stars, 391, 359Google Scholar
Wang, B. & Han, Z., 2010, MNRAS, 404, L84CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, B., Li, X.-D. & Han, Z.-W., 2010, MNRAS, 401, 2729CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Washabaugh, P. C. & Bregman, J. N., 2011, ApJ, submittedGoogle Scholar
Webbink, R. F., 1984, ApJ, 277, 355CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whelan, J. & Iben, I. J., 1973, ApJ, 186, 1007CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wiersma, R. P. C, Schaye, J. & Theuns, T., 2011, MNRAS, 415, 353CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, B. J., et al. , 2011, arXiv:1108.1207Google Scholar
Woosley, S. E. & Kasen, D., 2011, ApJ, 734, 38CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yasuda, N. & Fukugita, M., 2010, AJ, 139, 39CrossRefGoogle Scholar
York, D. G., et al. , 2000, AJ, 120, 1579CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Young, L. M., Bendo, G. J. & Lucero, D. M., 2009, AJ, 137, 3053CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yungelson, L. R. & Livio, M., 2000, ApJ, 528, 108CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zaritsky, D. & Harris, J., 2004, ApJ, 604, 167CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zorotovic, M., Schreiber, M. R., Gaensicke, B. T., 2011, A&A, 536, A42Google Scholar