Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-fbnjt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-19T08:18:04.716Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Social context and the real-world consequences of social anxiety

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 August 2019

Juyoen Hur ,
Kathryn A. DeYoung ,
Samiha Islam ,
Allegra S. Anderson ,
Matthew G. Barstead  and
Alexander J. Shackman
Juyoen Hur*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD20742, USA
Kathryn A. DeYoung
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD20742, USA Department of Family Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD20742, USA
Samiha Islam
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD20742, USA
Allegra S. Anderson
Affiliation:
Department of Psychological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN37240, USA
Matthew G. Barstead
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD20742, USA Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD20742, USA
Alexander J. Shackman
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD20742, USA Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD20742, USA Maryland Neuroimaging Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD20742, USA
*
Author for correspondence: Juyoen Hur, E-mail: juh614@gmail.com
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background

Social anxiety lies on a continuum, and young adults with elevated symptoms are at risk for developing a range of psychiatric disorders. Yet relatively little is known about the factors that govern the hour-by-hour experience and expression of social anxiety in the real world.

Methods

Here we used smartphone-based ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to intensively sample emotional experience across different social contexts in the daily lives of 228 young adults selectively recruited to represent a broad spectrum of social anxiety symptoms.

Results

Leveraging data from over 11 000 real-world assessments, our results highlight the central role of close friends, family members, and romantic partners. The presence of such close companions was associated with enhanced mood, yet socially anxious individuals had fewer confidants and spent less time with the close companions that they do have. Although higher levels of social anxiety were associated with a general worsening of mood, socially anxious individuals appear to derive larger benefits – lower levels of negative affect, anxiety, and depression – from their close companions. In contrast, variation in social anxiety was unrelated to the amount of time spent with strangers, co-workers, and acquaintances; and we uncovered no evidence of emotional hypersensitivity to these less-familiar individuals.

Conclusions

These findings provide a framework for understanding the deleterious consequences of social anxiety in emerging adulthood and set the stage for developing improved intervention strategies.

Keywords

Affective scienceecological momentary assessment (EMA)emotionexperience sampling method (ESM)individual differencessocial anxiety
Type
Original Articles
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 50 , Issue 12 , September 2020 , pp. 1989 - 2000
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

*

Contributed equally

References

Acarturk, C, Cuijpers, P, Van Straten, A and De Graaf, R (2009) Psychological treatment of social anxiety disorder: a meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine 39, 241–254.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Afram, A and Kashdan, TB (2015) Coping with rejection concerns in romantic relationships: an experimental investigation of social anxiety and risk regulation. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science 4, 151–156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alden, LE and Taylor, CT (2004) Interpersonal processes in social phobia. Clinical Psychology Review 24, 857–882.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alden, LE and Wallace, ST (1995) Social phobia and social appraisal in successful and unsuccessful social interactions. Behaviour Research and Therapy 33, 497–505.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alloy, LB and Abramson, LY (1999) The Temple-Wisconsin Cognitive Vulnerability to Depression Project: conceptual background, design, and methods. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 13, 227–262.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alloy, LB, Abramson, LY, Hogan, M E, Whitehouse, WG, Rose, DT, Robinson, MS, Kim, RS and Lapkin, JB (2000) The Temple-Wisconsin Cognitive Vulnerability to Depression Project: Lifetime history of Axis I psychopathology in individuals at high and low cognitive risk for depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 109, 403–418.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
American College Health Association (2016) American College Health Association-National College Health Assessment II: Reference Group Executive Summary Fall 2015. Hanover, MD: American College Health Association.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (2013) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.Google Scholar
Anderson, ER and Hope, DA (2008) A review of the tripartite model for understanding the link between anxiety and depression in youth. Clinical Psychology Review 28, 275–287.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arnett, JJ (2000) Emerging adulthood. A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist 55, 469–480.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Auerbach, RP, Alonso, J, Axinn, WG, Cuijpers, P, Ebert, DD, Green, JG, Hwang, I, Kessler, RC, Liu, H, Mortier, P, Nock, MK, Pinder-Amaker, S, Sampson, NA, Aguilar-Gaxiola, S, Al-Hamzawi, A, Andrade, LH, Benjet, C, Caldas-de-Almeida, JM, Demyttenaere, K, Florescu, S, de Girolamo, G, Gureje, O, Haro, JM, Karam, EG, Kiejna, A, Kovess-Masfety, V, Lee, S, McGrath, JJ, O'Neill, S, Pennell, BE, Scott, K, Ten Have, M, Torres, Y, Zaslavsky, AM, Zarkov, Z and Bruffaerts, R (2016) Mental disorders among college students in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys. Psychological Medicine 46, 2955–2970.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Auerbach, RP, Mortier, P, Bruffaerts, R, Alonso, J, Benjet, C, Cuijpers, P, Demyttenaere, K, Ebert, DD, Green, JG, Hasking, P, Murray, E, Nock, MK, Pinder-Amaker, S, Sampson, NA, Stein, DJ, Vilagut, G, Zaslavsky, AM, Kessler, RC and Collaborators, WW-I (in press) WHO world mental health surveys international college student project: prevalence and distribution of mental disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 127, 623–638.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barrett, LF (1997) The relationships among momentary emotion experiences, personality descriptions, and retrospective ratings of emotion. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 23, 1100–1110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Batelaan, NM, Bosman, RC, Muntingh, A, Scholten, WD, Huijbregts, KM and van Balkom, A (2017) Risk of relapse after antidepressant discontinuation in anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis of relapse prevention trials. BMJ 358, j3927.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baucom, DH, Belus, JM, Adelman, CB, Fischer, MS and Paprocki, C (2014) Couple-based interventions for psychopathology: a renewed direction for the field. Family Process 53, 445–461.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beck, JG, Davila, J, Farrow, S and Grant, D (2006) When the heat is on: romantic partner responses influence distress in socially anxious women. Behaviour Research and Therapy 44, 737–748.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beidel, DC, Turner, SM and Morris, TL (1999) Psychopathology of childhood social phobia. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 38, 643–650.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berry, DS and Hansen, JS (1996) Positive affect, negative affect, and social interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 71, 796–809.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bolger, N and Eckenrode, J (1991) Social relationships, personality, and anxiety during a major stressful event. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 61, 440–449.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boukhechba, M, Chow, P, Fua, K, Teachman, BA and Barnes, LE (2018) Predicting social anxiety from global positioning system traces of college students: feasibility study. JMIR Mental Health 5, e10101.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bruce, SE, Yonkers, KA, Otto, MW, Eisen, JL, Weisberg, RB, Pagano, M, Shea, MT and Keller, MB (2005) Influence of psychiatric comorbidity on recovery and recurrence in generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, and panic disorder: a 12-year prospective study. American Journal of Psychiatry 162, 1179–1187.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bullock, JG, Green, DP and Ha, SE (2010) Yes, but what's the mechanism? (don't expect an easy answer). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 98, 550–558.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buote, VM, Pancer, SM, Pratt, MW, Adams, G, Birnie-Lefcovitch, S, Polivy, J and Wintre, MG (2007) The importance of friends. Friendship and adjustment among 1st-year university students. Journal of Adolescent Research 22, 665–689.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cacioppo, S, Grippo, AJ, London, S, Goossens, L and Cacioppo, JT (2015) Loneliness: clinical import and interventions. Perspectives on Psychological Science 10, 238–249.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carter, MM, Hollon, SD, Carson, RE and Shelton, RC (1995) Effects of a safe person on induced distress following a biological challenge in panic disorder with agoraphobia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 104, 156–163.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chow, PI, Fua, K, Huang, Y, Bonelli, W, Xiong, H, Barnes, LE and Teachman, BA (2017) Using mobile sensing to test clinical models of depression, social anxiety, state affect, and social isolation among college students. Journal of Medical Internet Research 19, e62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coan, JA and Sbarra, DA (2015) Social baseline theory: the social regulation of risk and effort. Current Opinion in Psychology 1, 87–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coles, ME, Turk, CL and Heimberg, RG (2002) The role of memory perspective in social phobia: immediate and delayed memories for role-played situations. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 30, 415–425.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conway, CC, Forbes, MK, Forbush, KT, Fried, EI, Hallquist, MN, Kotov, R, Mullins-Sweatt, SN, Shackman, AJ, Skodol, AE, South, SC, Sunderland, M, Waszczuk, MA, Zald, DH, Afzali, MH, Bornovalova, MA, Carragher, N, Docherty, AR, Jonas, KG, Krueger, RF, Patalay, P, Pincus, AL, Tackett, JL, Reininghaus, U, Waldman, ID, Wright, AGC, Zimmerman, J, Bach, B, Bagby, RM, Chmielewski, M, Cicero, DC, Clark, LA, Dalgleish, T, DeYoung, CG, Hopwood, CJ, Ivanova, MY, Latzman, RD, Patrick, CJ, Ruggero, CJ, Samuel, DB, Watson, D and Eaton, NR (2019) A hierarchical taxonomy of psychopathology can reform mental health research. Perspectives on Psychological Science 14, 419–436.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cottrell, NB and Epley, SW (1977) Affiliation, social comparison, and socially mediated stress reduction. In Suls, JM and Miller, RL (eds), Social Comparison Processes: Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives. Washington, DC: Hemisphere, pp. 43–68.Google Scholar
Craske, MG, Stein, MB, Eley, TC, Milad, MR, Holmes, A, Rapee, RM and Wittchen, H-U (2017) Anxiety disorders. Nature Reviews Disease Primers 3, 1–18.Google ScholarPubMed
Creed, A and Funder, D (1998) Social anxiety: from the inside and outside. Personality and Individual Differences 25, 19–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crişan, LG, Vulturar, R, Miclea, M and Miu, AC (2016) Reactivity to social stress in subclinical social anxiety: emotional experience, cognitive appraisals, behavior, and physiology. Frontiers in Psychiatry 7, 5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Csikszentmihalyi, M, Mehl, MR and Conner, TS (2013) Handbook of Research Methods for Studying Daily Life. New York, NY: Guilford.Google Scholar
Cuming, S and Rapee, RM (2010) Social anxiety and self-protective communication style in close relationships. Behaviour Research and Therapy 48, 87–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Darcy, K, Davila, J and Beck, JG (2005) Is social anxiety associated with both interpersonal avoidance and interpersonal dependence? Cognitive Therapy and Research 29, 171–186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davidson, JR, Hughes, DC, George, LK and Blazer, DG (1994) The boundary of social phobia: exploring the threshold. Archives of General Psychiatry 51, 975–983.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davila, J and Beck, JG (2002) Is social anxiety associated with impairment in close relationships? A preliminary investigation. Behavior Therapy 33, 427–446.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diener, E and Seligman, ME (2002) Very happy people. Psychological Science 13, 81–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Diener, E, Seligman, MEP, Choi, H and Oishi, S (2018) Happiest people revisited. Perspectives on Psychological Science 13, 176–184.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fox, AS and Shackman, AJ (2018) How are emotions embodied in the social world. In Fox, AS, Lapate, RC, Shackman, AJ and Davidson, RJ (eds), The Nature of Emotion. Fundamental Questions, 2nd Edn. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, pp. 237–239.Google Scholar
Freberg, K, Adams, R, McGaughey, K and Freberg, L (2010) The rich get richer: online and offline social connectivity predicts subjective loneliness. Media Psychology Review 3, 103–115.Google Scholar
Frenkel, TI, Fox, NA, Pine, DS, Walker, OL, Degnan, KA and Chronis-Tuscano, A (2015) Early childhood behavioral inhibition, adult psychopathology and the buffering effects of adolescent social networks: a twenty-year prospective study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 56, 1065–1073.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Geyer, EC, Fua, KC, Daniel, KE, Chow, PI, Bonelli, W, Huang, Y, Barnes, LE and Teachman, BA (2018) I did OK, but did I like it? Using ecological momentary assessment to examine perceptions of social interactions associated with severity of social anxiety and depression. Behavior Therapy 49, 866–880.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Global Burden of Disease Collaborators (2016) Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. The Lancet 388, 1545–1602.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gordon, JA and Redish, AD (2016) On the cusp. Current challenges and promises in psychiatry. In Redish, AD and Gordon, JA (eds), Computational Psychiatry: New Perspectives on Mental Illness. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp. 3–14.Google Scholar
Granovetter, MS (1973) The strength of weak ties. American Journal of Sociology 78, 1360–1380.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, DP, Ha, SE and Bullock, JG (2010) Enough already about “black box” experiments: studying mediation is more difficult than most scholars suppose. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 628, 200–208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayes, AF (2017) Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach, 2nd Edn. New York, NY: Guilford.Google Scholar
Hays, RB and Oxley, D (1986) Social network development and functioning during a life transition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 50, 305–313.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heerey, EA and Kring, AM (2007) Interpersonal consequences of social anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 116, 125–134.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heimberg, RG, Hofmann, SG, Liebowitz, MR, Schneier, FR, Smits, JA, Stein, MB, Hinton, DE and Craske, MG (2014) Social anxiety disorder in DSM-5. Depression and Anxiety 31, 472–479.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hoaglin, DC and Iglewicz, B (1987) Fine-tuning some resistant rules for outlier labeling. Journal of the American Statistical Association 82, 1147–1149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoaglin, DC, Iglewicz, B and Tukey, JW (1986) Performance of some resistant rules for outlier labelling. Journal of the American Statistical Association 81, 991–999.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hofmann, W and Patel, PV (2015) Surveysignal: a convenient solution for experience sampling research using participants’ own smartphones. Social Science Computer Review 33, 235–253.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hur, J, Stockbridge, MD, Fox, AS and Shackman, AJ (2019) Dispositional negativity, cognition, and anxiety disorders: an integrative translational neuroscience framework. Progress in Brain Research 247, 375–436.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kashdan, TB (2004) The neglected relationship between social interaction anxiety and hedonic deficits: differentiation from depressive symptoms. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 18, 719–730.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kashdan, TB and Collins, RL (2010) Social anxiety and the experience of positive emotion and anger in everyday life: an ecological momentary assessment approach. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping 23, 259–272.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kashdan, TB and Roberts, JE (2004) Social anxiety's impact on affect, curiosity, and social self-efficacy during a high self-focus social threat situation. Cognitive Therapy and Research 28, 119–141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kashdan, TB and Roberts, JE (2006) Affective outcomes in superficial and intimate interactions: roles of social anxiety and curiosity. Journal of Research in Personality 40, 140–167.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kashdan, TB and Roberts, JE (2007) Social anxiety, depressive symptoms, and post-event rumination: affective consequences and social contextual influences. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 21, 284–301.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kashdan, TB and Steger, MF (2006) Expanding the topography of social anxiety: an experience-sampling assessment of positive emotions, positive events, and emotion suppression. Psychological Science 17, 120–128.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kashdan, TB, Weeks, JW and Savostyanova, AA (2011) Whether, how, and when social anxiety shapes positive experiences and events: a self-regulatory framework and treatment implications. Clinical Psychology Review 31, 786–799.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kashdan, TB, Farmer, AS, Adams, LM, Ferssizidis, P, McKnight, PE and Nezlek, JB (2013a) Distinguishing healthy adults from people with social anxiety disorder: evidence for the value of experiential avoidance and positive emotions in everyday social interactions. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 122, 645–655.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kashdan, TB, Ferssizidis, P, Farmer, AS, Adams, LM and McKnight, PE (2013b) Failure to capitalize on sharing good news with romantic partners: exploring positivity deficits of socially anxious people with self-reports, partner-reports, and behavioral observations. Behaviour Research and Therapy 51, 656–668.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Katzelnick, DJ, Kobak, KA, DeLeire, T, Henk, HJ, Greist, JH, Davidson, JR, Schneier, FR, Stein, MB and Helstad, CP (2001) Impact of generalized social anxiety disorder in managed care. American Journal of Psychiatry 158, 1999–2007.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kendler, KS and Gardner, CO (2014) Sex differences in the pathways to major depression: a study of opposite-sex twin pairs. American Journal of Psychiatry 171, 426–435.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kendler, KS, Myers, J and Prescott, CA (2005) Sex differences in the relationship between social support and risk for major depression: a longitudinal study of opposite-sex twin pairs. American Journal of Psychiatry 162, 250–256.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kessler, RC (2003) The impairments caused by social phobia in the general population: implications for intervention. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 108, 19–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kocalevent, RD, Berg, L, Beutel, ME, Hinz, A, Zenger, M, Harter, M, Nater, U and Brahler, E (2018) Social support in the general population: standardization of the Oslo social support scale (OSSS-3). BMC Psychology 6, 31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kok, BE and Singer, T (2017) Effects of contemplative dyads on engagement and perceived social connectedness over 9 months of mental training: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry 74, 126–134.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krueger, RF, Kotov, R, Watson, D, Forbes, MK, Eaton, NR, Ruggero, CJ, Simms, LJ, Widiger, TA, Achenbach, TM, Bach, B, Bagby, RM, Bornovalova, MA, Carpenter, WT, Chmielewski, M, Cicero, D, Clark, LA, Conway, C, DeClercq, B, DeYoung, CG, Docherty, AR, Drislane, LE, First, MB, Forbush, KT, Hallquist, M, Haltigan, JD, Hopwood, CJ, Ivanova, MY, Jonas, KG, Latzman, RD, Markon, KE, Miller, JD, Morey, LC, Mullins-Sweatt, SN, Ormel, J, Patalay, P, Patrick, CJ, Pincus, AL, Regier, DA, Reininghaus, U, Rescorla, LA, Samuel, DB, Sellbom, M, Shackman, AJ, Skodol, A, Slade, T, South, SC, Sunderland, M, Tackett, JL, Venables, NC, Waldman, ID, Waszczuk, MA, Waugh, MH, Wright, AGC, Zald, DH and Zimmerman, J (2018) Progress in achieving empirical classification of psychopathology. World Psychiatry 17, 282–293.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ladd, GW, Kochenderfer-Ladd, B, Eggum, ND, Kochel, KP and McConnell, EM (2011) Characterizing and comparing the friendships of anxious-solitary and unsociable preadolescents. Child Development 82, 1434–1453.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
La Greca, AM and Lopez, N (1998) Social anxiety among adolescents: linkages with peer relations and friendships. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 26, 83–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lamers, F, Swendsen, J, Cui, L, Husky, M, Johns, J, Zipunnikov, V and Merikangas, KR (2018) Mood reactivity and affective dynamics in mood and anxiety disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 127, 659–669.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lansford, JE, Sherman, AM and Antonucci, TC (1998) Satisfaction with social networks: an examination of socioemotional selectivity theory across cohorts. Psychology and Aging 13, 544–552.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Larson, RW (1990) The solitary side of life: an examination of the time people spend alone from childhood to old age. Developmental Review 10, 155–183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lay, JC, Gerstorf, D, Scott, SB, Pauly, T and Hoppmann, CA (2017) Neuroticism and extraversion magnify discrepancies between retrospective and concurrent affect reports. Journal of Personality 85, 817–829.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liebowitz, MR (1987) Social phobia. Modern Problems in Pharmacopsychiatry 22, 141–173.Google Scholar
Lim, MH, Rodebaugh, TL, Zyphur, MJ and Gleeson, JF (2016) Loneliness over time: the crucial role of social anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 125, 620–630.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lipsitz, JD and Schneier, FR (2000) Social phobia. Epidemiology and cost of illness. Pharmacoeconomics 18, 23–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lipson, SK, Lattie, EG and Eisenberg, D (2018) Increased rates of mental health service utilization by U.S. college students: 10-year population-level trends (2007–2017). Psychiatric Services 70, 60–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maresh, EL, Beckes, L and Coan, JA (2013) The social regulation of threat-related attentional disengagement in highly anxious individuals. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 7, 515.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Markovic, A and Bowker, JC (2017) Friends also matter: examining friendship adjustment indices as moderators of anxious-withdrawal and trajectories of change in psychological maladjustment. Developmental Psychology 53, 1462–1473.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marroquin, B (2011) Interpersonal emotion regulation as a mechanism of social support in depression. Clinical Psychology Review 31, 1276–1290.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Masi, CM, Chen, HY, Hawkley, LC and Cacioppo, JT (2011) A meta-analysis of interventions to reduce loneliness. Personality and Social Psychology Review 15, 219–266.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mathew, AR, Pettit, JW, Lewinsohn, PM, Seeley, JR and Roberts, RE (2011) Co-morbidity between major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders: shared etiology or direct causation? Psychological Medicine 41, 2023–2034.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McPherson, M and Smith-Lovin, L (2006) Social isolation in America: changes in core discussion networks over two decades. American Sociological Review 71, 353–375.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meleshko, KG and Alden, LE (1993) Anxiety and self-disclosure: toward a motivational model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 64, 1000–1009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Merikangas, KR, Avenevoli, S, Acharyya, S, Zhang, H and Angst, J (2002) The spectrum of social phobia in the Zurich cohort study of young adults. Biological Psychiatry 51, 81–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Montgomery, RL, Haemmerlie, FM and Edwards, M (1991) Social, personal, and interpersonal deficits in socially anxious people. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality 6, 859–872.Google Scholar
Morgan, JK, Lee, GE, Wright, AG, Gilchrist, DE, Forbes, EE, McMakin, DL, Dahl, RE, Ladouceur, CD, Ryan, ND and Silk, JS (2017) Altered positive affect in clinically anxious youth: the role of social context and anxiety subtype. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 45, 1461–1472.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Myers, DG (1999) Close relationships and quality of life. In Kahneman, D, Diener, E and Schwartz, N (eds), Well-being. New York: Sage, pp. 374–391.Google Scholar
Narr, RK, Allen, JP, Tan, JS and Loeb, EL (2019) Close friendship strength and broader peer group desirability as differential predictors of adult mental health. Child Development 90, 298–313.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nelson, GH, O'Hara, MW and Watson, D (2018) National norms for the expanded version of the inventory of depression and anxiety symptoms (IDAS-II). Journal of Clinical Psychology 74, 953–968.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neubauer, K, von Auer, M, Murray, E, Petermann, F, Helbig-Lang, S and Gerlach, AL (2013) Internet-delivered attention modification training as a treatment for social phobia: a randomized controlled trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy 51, 87–97.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oishi, S, Diener, E and Lucas, RE (2007) The optimum level of well-being: can people be too happy? Perspectives on Psychological Science 2, 346–360.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Olatunji, BO, Cisler, JM and Tolin, DF (2007) Quality of life in the anxiety disorders: a meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review 27, 572–581.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Palmier-Claus, JE, Myin-Germeys, I, Barkus, E, Bentley, L, Udachina, A, Delespaul, P, Lewis, SW and Dunn, G (2011) Experience sampling research in individuals with mental illness: reflections and guidance. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 123, 12–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pancer, SM, Hunsberger, B, Pratt, MW and Alisat, S (2000) Cognitive complexity of expectations and adjustment to university in the first year. Journal of Adolescent Research 15, 38–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pew Research Center (2018) Mobile fact sheet. Available at http://www.pewinternet.org/fact-sheet/mobile/.Google Scholar
Phillips, ND (2017) Yarrr! The pirate's guide to R. APS Observer 30, 22–23.Google Scholar
Pontari, BA (2009) Appearing socially competent: the effects of a friend's presence on the socially anxious. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 35, 283–294.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ramsey, MA and Gentzler, AL (2015) An upward spiral: bidirectional associations between positive affect and positive aspects of close relationships across the life span. Developmental Review 36, 58–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rapaport, MH, Clary, C, Fayyad, R and Endicott, J (2005) Quality-of-life impairment in depressive and anxiety disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry 162, 1171–1178.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rapee, RM and Spence, SH (2004) The etiology of social phobia: empirical evidence and an initial model. Clinical Psychology Review 24, 737–767.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rapee, RM, Peters, L, Carpenter, L and Gaston, JE (2015) The Yin and Yang of support from significant others: influence of general social support and partner support of avoidance in the context of treatment for social anxiety disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy 69, 40–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raudenbush, SW and Bryk, AS (2002) Hierarchical Linear Models. Applications and Data Analysis Methods, 2nd Edn. Thousand Oakes, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Reeck, C, Ames, DR and Ochsner, KN (2016) The social regulation of emotion: an integrative, cross-disciplinary model. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 20, 47–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rehman, US, Gollan, J and Mortimer, AR (2008) The marital context of depression: research, limitations, and new directions. Clinical Psychology Review 28, 179–198.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rhebergen, D, Batelaan, NM, de Graaf, R, Nolen, WA, Spijker, J, Beekman, AT and Penninx, BW (2011) The 7-year course of depression and anxiety in the general population. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 123, 297–306.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rime, B (2009) Emotion elicits the social sharing of emotion: theory and empirical review. Emotion Review 1, 60–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodebaugh, TL (2009) Social phobia and perceived friendship quality. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 23, 872–878.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rodebaugh, TL, Holaway, RM and Heimberg, RG (2004) The treatment of social anxiety disorder. Clinical Psychology Review 24, 883–908.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rodebaugh, TL, Lim, MH, Shumaker, EA, Levinson, CA and Thompson, T (2015) Social anxiety and friendship quality over time. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy 44, 502–511.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rogers, AA, Updegraff, KA, Iida, M, Dishion, TJ, Doane, LD, Corbin, WC, Van Lenten, SA and Ha, T (2018) Trajectories of positive and negative affect across the transition to college: the role of daily interactions with parents and friends. Developmental Psychology 54, 2181–2192.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rottenberg, J (2017) Emotions in depression: what do we really know? Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 13, 241–263.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rubin, KH, Barstead, MG, Smith, KA and Bowker, JC (2018) Peer relations and the behaviorally inhibited child. In Pérez-Edgar, K and Fox, NA (eds), Behavioral Inhibition: Integrating Theory, Research, and Clinical Perspectives. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing, pp. 157–184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruscio, AM (2019) Normal versus pathological mood: implications for diagnosis. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 15, 179–205.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Russell, GS and Shaw, S (2009) A study to investigate the prevalence of social anxiety in a sample of higher education students in the United Kingdom. Journal of Mental Health 18, 198–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sander, J, Schupp, J and Richter, D (2017) Getting together: social contact frequency across the life span. Developmental Psychology 53, 1571–1588.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sarason, IG, Levine, HM, Basham, RB and Sarason, BR (1983) Assessing social support: the social support questionnaire. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 44, 127–139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schneier, FR, Johnson, J, Hornig, CD, Liebowitz, MR and Weissman, MM (1992) Social phobia: comorbidity and morbidity in an epidemiologic sample. Archives of General Psychiatry 49, 282–288.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scholten, WD, Batelaan, NM, van Balkom, AJ, Wjh Penninx, B, Smit, JH and van Oppen, P (2013) Recurrence of anxiety disorders and its predictors. Journal of Affective Disorders 147, 180–185.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scholten, WD, Batelaan, NM, Penninx, BW, van Balkom, AJ, Smit, JH, Schoevers, RA and van Oppen, P (2016) Diagnostic instability of recurrence and the impact on recurrence rates in depressive and anxiety disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders 195, 185–190.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schönbrodt, FD and Perugini, M (2013) At what sample size do correlations stabilize? Journal of Research in Personality 47, 609–612.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shackman, AJ, Tromp, DPM, Stockbridge, MD, Kaplan, CM, Tillman, RM and Fox, AS (2016) Dispositional negativity: an integrative psychological and neurobiological perspective. Psychological Bulletin 142, 1275–1314.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shackman, AJ, Weinstein, JS, Hudja, SN, Bloomer, CD, Barstead, MG, Fox, AS and Lemay, EP Jr. (2018) Dispositional negativity in the wild: social environment governs momentary emotional experience. Emotion 18, 707–724.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shiffman, S, Stone, AA and Hufford, MR (2008) Ecological momentary assessment. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 4, 1–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sparrevohn, RM and Rapee, RM (2009) Self-disclosure, emotional expression and intimacy within romantic relationships of people with social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy 47, 1074–1078.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spinhoven, P, Batelaan, N, Rhebergen, D, van Balkom, A, Schoevers, R and Penninx, BW (2016) Prediction of 6-yr symptom course trajectories of anxiety disorders by diagnostic, clinical and psychological variables. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 44, 92–101.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spoozak, L, Gotman, N, Smith, MV, Belanger, K and Yonkers, KA (2009) Evaluation of a social support measure that may indicate risk of depression during pregnancy. Journal of Affective Disorders 114, 216–223.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Starr, LR and Davila, J (2008) Differentiating interpersonal correlates of depressive symptoms and social anxiety in adolescence: implications for models of comorbidity. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology 37, 337–349.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stein, MB and Kean, YM (2000) Disability and quality of life in social phobia: epidemiologic findings. American Journal of Psychiatry 157, 1606–1613.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stein, DJ, Lim, CCW, Roest, AM, de Jonge, P, Aguilar-Gaxiola, S, Al-Hamzawi, A, Alonso, J, Benjet, C, Bromet, EJ, Bruffaerts, R, de Girolamo, G, Florescu, S, Gureje, O, Haro, JM, Harris, MG, He, Y, Hinkov, H, Horiguchi, I, Hu, C, Karam, A, Karam, EG, Lee, S, Lepine, JP, Navarro-Mateu, F, Pennell, BE, Piazza, M, Posada-Villa, J, Ten Have, M, Torres, Y, Viana, MC, Wojtyniak, B, Xavier, M, Kessler, RC, Scott, KM and Collaborators, W. H. O. W. M. H. S. (2017) The cross-national epidemiology of social anxiety disorder: data from the World Mental Health Survey Initiative. BMC Medicine 15, 143.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stout, DM, Shackman, AJ, Pedersen, WS, Miskovich, TA and Larson, CL (2017) Neural circuitry governing anxious individuals’ mis-allocation of working memory to threat. Scientific Reports 7, 8742–8752.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Strahan, EY and Conger, AJ (1999) Social anxiety and social performance: why don't we see more catastrophes? Journal of Anxiety Disorders 13, 399–416.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Teachman, BA and Allen, JP (2007) Development of social anxiety: social interaction predictors of implicit and explicit fear of negative evaluation. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 35, 63–78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tillfors, M, Persson, S, Willen, M and Burk, WJ (2012) Prospective links between social anxiety and adolescent peer relations. Journal of Adolescence 35, 1255–1263.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Torgrud, LJ, Walker, JR, Murray, L, Cox, BJ, Chartier, M and Kjernisted, KD (2004) Deficits in perceived social support associated with generalized social phobia. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy 33, 87–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Turner, SM, Beidel, DC, Dancu, CV and Keys, DJ (1986) Psychopathology of social phobia and comparison to avoidant personality disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 95, 389–394.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Twenge, JM, Spitzberg, BH and Campbell, WK (2019) Less in-person social interaction with peers among U.S. adolescents in the 21st century and links to loneliness. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 36, 1892–1913.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Lente, E, Barry, MM, Molcho, M, Morgan, K, Watson, D, Harrington, J and McGee, H (2012) Measuring population mental health and social well-being. International Journal of Public Health 57, 421–430.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vernberg, EM, Abwender, DA, Ewell, KK and Beery, SH (1992) Social anxiety and peer relationships in early adolescence: a prospective analysis. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology 21, 189–196.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wade, TD and Kendler, KS (2000) The relationship between social support and major depression: cross-sectional, longitudinal, and genetic perspectives. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 188, 251–258.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, H and Wellman, B (2010) Social connectivity in America: changes in adult friendship network size from 2002 to 2007. American Behavioral Scientist 53, 1148–1169.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watson, D, O'Hara, MW, Naragon-Gainey, K, Koffel, E, Chmielewski, M, Kotov, R, Stasik, SM and Ruggero, CJ (2012) Development and validation of new anxiety and bipolar symptom scales for an expanded version of the IDAS (the IDAS-II). Assessment 19, 399–420.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whisman, MA and Baucom, DH (2012) Intimate relationships and psychopathology. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review 15, 4–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, WC, Morelli, SA, Ong, DC and Zaki, J (2018) Interpersonal emotion regulation: implications for affiliation, perceived support, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 115, 224–254.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wittchen, H-U, Fuetsch, M, Sonntag, H, Müller, N and Liebowitz, M (2000) Disability and quality of life in pure and comorbid social phobia. Findings from a controlled study. European Psychiatry 15, 46–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wong, N, Sarver, DE and Beidel, DC (2012) Quality of life impairments among adults with social phobia: the impact of subtype. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 26, 50–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wrzus, C, Hanel, M, Wagner, J and Neyer, FJ (2013) Social network changes and life events across the life span: a meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin 139, 53–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wrzus, C, Wagner, GG and Riediger, M (2016) Personality-situation transactions from adolescence to old age. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 110, 782–799.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zaider, TI, Heimberg, RG and Iida, M (2010) Anxiety disorders and intimate relationships: a study of daily processes in couples. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 119, 163–173.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zaki, J and Williams, WC (2013) Interpersonal emotion regulation. Emotion 13, 803–810.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Supplementary material: File

Hur et al. supplementary material

Tables S1-S4

Download Hur et al. supplementary material(File)
File 37.3 KB