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LSD, madness and healing: Mystical experiences as possible link between psychosis model and therapy model

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 July 2021

Isabel Wießner Open the ORCID record for Isabel Wießner [Opens in a new window] ,
Marcelo Falchi Open the ORCID record for Marcelo Falchi [Opens in a new window] ,
Fernanda Palhano-Fontes Open the ORCID record for Fernanda Palhano-Fontes [Opens in a new window] ,
Amanda Feilding Open the ORCID record for Amanda Feilding [Opens in a new window] ,
Sidarta Ribeiro Open the ORCID record for Sidarta Ribeiro [Opens in a new window]  and
Luís Fernando Tófoli Open the ORCID record for Luís Fernando Tófoli [Opens in a new window]
Isabel Wießner*
Affiliation:
Department of Medical Psychology and Psychiatry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil Interdisciplinary Cooperation for Ayahuasca Research and Outreach (ICARO), School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
Marcelo Falchi
Affiliation:
Department of Medical Psychology and Psychiatry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil Interdisciplinary Cooperation for Ayahuasca Research and Outreach (ICARO), School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
Fernanda Palhano-Fontes
Affiliation:
Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
Amanda Feilding
Affiliation:
The Beckley Foundation, Beckley Park, Oxford, UK
Sidarta Ribeiro
Affiliation:
Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
Luís Fernando Tófoli
Affiliation:
Department of Medical Psychology and Psychiatry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil Interdisciplinary Cooperation for Ayahuasca Research and Outreach (ICARO), School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
*
Author for correspondence: Isabel Wießner, E-mail: isabel.wiessner@gmail.com
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Abstract

Background

For a century, psychedelics have been investigated as models of psychosis for demonstrating phenomenological similarities with psychotic experiences and as therapeutic models for treating depression, anxiety, and substance use disorders. This study sought to explore this paradoxical relationship connecting key parameters of the psychotic experience, psychotherapy, and psychedelic experience.

Methods

In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover design, 24 healthy volunteers received 50 μg d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) or inactive placebo. Psychotic experience was assessed by aberrant salience (Aberrant Salience Inventory, ASI), therapeutic potential by suggestibility (Creative Imagination Scale, CIS) and mindfulness (Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire, FFMQ; Mindful Attention Awareness Scale, MAAS; Experiences Questionnaire, EQ), and psychedelic experience by four questionnaires (Altered State of Consciousness Questionnaire, ASC; Mystical Experiences Questionnaire, MEQ; Challenging Experiences Questionnaire, CEQ; Ego-Dissolution Inventory, EDI). Relationships between LSD-induced effects were examined.

Results

LSD induced psychedelic experiences, including alteration of consciousness, mystical experiences, ego-dissolution, and mildly challenging experiences, increased aberrant salience and suggestibility, but not mindfulness. LSD-induced aberrant salience correlated highly with complex imagery, mystical experiences, and ego-dissolution. LSD-induced suggestibility correlated with no other effects. Individual mindfulness changes correlated with aspects of aberrant salience and psychedelic experience.

Conclusions

The LSD state resembles a psychotic experience and offers a tool for healing. The link between psychosis model and therapeutic model seems to lie in mystical experiences. The results point to the importance of meaning attribution for the LSD psychosis model and indicate that psychedelic-assisted therapy might benefit from therapeutic suggestions fostering mystical experiences.

Keywords

Aberrant salienceego-dissolutionLSDmindfulnessmystical experiencespsychedelicspsycholytic therapypsychosis modelsuggestibility
Type
Original Article
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 53 , Issue 4 , March 2023 , pp. 1151 - 1165
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Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press

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