Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-swr86 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-19T11:43:53.422Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Cognitive remediation for inpatients with psychosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 April 2020

Matteo Cella Open the ORCID record for Matteo Cella [Opens in a new window] ,
Tom Price Open the ORCID record for Tom Price [Opens in a new window] ,
Holly Corboy ,
Juliana Onwumere ,
Sukhi Shergill  and
Antonio Preti Open the ORCID record for Antonio Preti [Opens in a new window]
Matteo Cella*
Affiliation:
Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, UK South London & Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Maudsley Hospital, London, UK
Tom Price
Affiliation:
Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, UK South London & Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Maudsley Hospital, London, UK
Holly Corboy
Affiliation:
Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, UK University College Dublin (UCD), Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
Juliana Onwumere
Affiliation:
Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, UK National Psychosis Unit, Bethlem Hospital, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust, UK
Sukhi Shergill
Affiliation:
Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, London, UK National Psychosis Unit, Bethlem Hospital, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust, UK
Antonio Preti
Affiliation:
Centro Medico Genneruxi, Cagliari, Italy Center for Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatics, University Hospital, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
*
Author for correspondence: Matteo Cella, E-mail: matteo.cella@kcl.ac.uk
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Cognitive difficulties are common in people with psychosis and associated with considerable disability. Cognitive remediation (CR) can reduce the burden of cognitive difficulties and improve functioning. While mental health care has predominantly shifted to the community, people with greater illness severity and complexity, and those with poor response to treatment and concomitant greater cognitive difficulties, continue to receive inpatient care. The aim of this study is to review and evaluate the acceptability and efficacy of CR for inpatients with psychosis. A systematic search was used to identify randomized controlled trials of CR for inpatients with psychosis. Demographic and clinical information was extracted by independent raters together with therapy outcomes. Study quality was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias Assessment tool. Standardized mean change for cognitive and functional outcomes was calculated using Hedges's g and used to infer therapy effects with meta-analysis. Twenty studies were identified considering 1509 participants. Results from random-effect models suggested that CR was effective in improving processing speed (g = 0.48), memory (g = 0.48) and working memory (g = 0.56). While there was an indication of improvements in the levels of vocational, social and global functioning, these were less reliable. On average, 7% of participants dropped-out of treatment. Studies methodological quality was moderate. CR is an acceptable intervention for inpatients with psychosis and can lead to significant cognitive improvements. Evidence for improvement in functioning requires more robust and converging evidence. Future research should extend the evaluation of inpatient CR to subsequent post-discharge community functioning and further need for care.

Keywords

Cognitive remediationinpatientpsychosisschizophreniasystematic review
Type
Review Article
Information
Psychological Medicine , Volume 50 , Issue 7 , May 2020 , pp. 1062 - 1076
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ahmed, A. O., Hunter, K., Goodrum, N., Batten, N. J., Birgenheir, D., Hardison, E., … Buckley, P. (2013). A randomized effectiveness study of cognitive remediation for mental health and forensic patients. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 39, S320. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbt011.Google Scholar
Ahmed, A. O., Richardson, J., Buckner, A., Romanoff, S., Feder, M., Oragunye, N., … Lindenmayer, J. P. (2018). Do cognitive deficits predict negative emotionality and aggression in schizophrenia? Psychiatry Research, 259, 350–357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.11.003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allott, K., Liu, P., Proffitt, T. M., & Killackey, E. (2011). Cognition at illness onset as a predictor of later functional outcome in early psychosis: Systematic review and methodological critique. Schizophr Research, 125(2–3), 221–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2010.11.001.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bell, M., & Bryson, G. (2001). Work rehabilitation in schizophrenia: Does cognitive impairment limit improvement? Schizophrenia Bulletin, 27(2), 269–279.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Best, M. W., & Bowie, C. R. (2017). A review of cognitive remediation approaches for schizophrenia: From top-down to bottom-up, brain training to psychotherapy. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 17(7), 713–723. https://doi.org/10.1080/14737175.2017.1331128.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bora, E., Binnur Akdede, B., & Alptekin, K. (2017). Neurocognitive impairment in deficit and non-deficit schizophrenia: A meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine, 47(14), 2401–2413. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291717000952.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bowie, C., & Harvey, P. (2006). Cognitive deficits and functional outcome in schizophrenia. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 2(4), 531–536.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowie, C. R., McGurk, S. R., Mausbach, B., Patterson, T. L., & Harvey, P. D. (2012). Combined cognitive remediation and functional skills training for schizophrenia: Effects on cognition, functional competence, and real-world behavior. American Journal of Psychiatry, 169(7), 710–718. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.11091337.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burda, P., Starkey, T., Dominguez, F., & Vera, V. (1994). Computer-assisted cognitive rehabilitation of chronic psychiatric inpatients. Computers in Human Behavior, 10(3), 359–368.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Byrne, L. K., Peng, D., McCabe, M., Mellor, D., Zhang, J., Zhang, T., … Xu, Y. (2013). Does practice make perfect? Results from a Chinese feasibility study of cognitive remediation in schizophrenia. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 23(4), 580–596. https://doi.org/10.1080/09602011.2013.799075.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Castle, D. J., Galletly, C. A., Dark, F., Humberstone, V., Morgan, V. A., Killackey, E., … Jablensky, A. (2017). The 2016 Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists guidelines for the management of schizophrenia and related disorders. The Medical Journal of Australia, 206(11), 501–505.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cella, M., Preti, A., Edwards, C., Dow, T., & Wykes, T. (2017). Cognitive remediation for negative symptoms of schizophrenia: A network meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 52, 43–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2016.11.009.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cella, M., & Wykes, T. (2019). The nuts and bolts of Cognitive Remediation: Exploring how different training components relate to cognitive and functional gains. Schizophrenia Research, 203, 12–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2017.09.012.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cooper, H. M., Hedges, L. V., & Valentine, J. C. (2009). The handbook of research synthesis and meta-analysis (2nd ed.). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Dang, J., Zhang, J., Guo, Z., Lu, W., Cai, J., Shi, Z., & Zhang, C. (2014). A pilot study of iPad-assisted cognitive training for schizophrenia. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 28(3), 197–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2014.01.003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drake, R. J., Day, C. J., Picucci, R., Warburton, J., Larkin, W., Husain, N., … Marshall, M. (2014). A naturalistic, randomized, controlled trial combining cognitive remediation with cognitive-behavioural therapy after first-episode non-affective psychosis. Psychological Medicine, 44(9), 1889–1899. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291713002559.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duval, S., & Tweedie, R. (2000). Trim and fill: A simple funnel-plot-based method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta-analysis. Biometrics, 56(2), 455–463.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Egger, M., Davey Smith, G., Schneider, M., & Minder, C. (1997). Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. The British Medical Journal, 315(7109), 629–634. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Galbraith, R. F. (1988). A note on graphical presentation of estimated odds ratios from several clinical-trials. Statistics in Medicine, 7(8), 889–894. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.4780070807.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Garrido, G., Penades, R., Barrios, M., Aragay, N., Ramos, I., Valles, V., … Vendrell, J. M. (2017). Computer-assisted cognitive remediation therapy in schizophrenia: Durability of the effects and cost-utility analysis. Psychiatry Research, 254, 198–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2017.04.065.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gharaeipour, M., & Scott, B. J. (2012). Effects of cognitive remediation on neurocognitive functions and psychiatric symptoms in schizophrenia inpatients. Schizophrenia Research, 142(1–3), 165–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2012.09.018.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gomar, J. J., Valls, E., Radua, J., Mareca, C., Tristany, J., & del Olmo, F., … Cognitive Rehabilitation Study Group (2015). A multisite, randomized controlled clinical trial of computerized cognitive remediation therapy for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 41(6), 1387–1396. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbv059.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grynszpan, O., Perbal, S., Pelissolo, A., Fossati, P., Jouvent, R., Dubal, S., & Perez-Diaz, F. (2011). Efficacy and specificity of computer-assisted cognitive remediation in schizophrenia: A meta-analytical study. Psychological Medicine, 41(1), 163–173. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291710000607.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hedges, L. V., & Olkin, I. (1985). Statistical methods for meta-analysis. Orlando: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Hermanutz, M., & Gestrich, J. (1991). Computer-assisted attention training in schizophrenics. A comparative study. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 240(4–5), 282–287.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Higgins, J. P. T., & Cochrane Collaboration. (2020). Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Higgins, J. P., Altman, D. G., Gotzsche, P. C., Juni, P., Moher, D., & Oxman, A. D., … Cochrane Statistical Methods, G. (2011). The Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. The British Medical Journal, 343, d5928. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d5928.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huddy, V., Reeder, C., Kontis, D., Wykes, T., & Stahl, D. (2012). The effect of working alliance on adherence and outcome in cognitive remediation therapy. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 200(7), 614–619. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e31825bfc31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huedo-Medina, T. B., Sanchez-Meca, J., Marin-Martinez, F., & Botella, J. (2006). Assessing heterogeneity in meta-analysis: Q statistic or I-2 index? Psychological Methods, 11(2), 193–206. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989x.11.2.193.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knapp, G., & Hartung, J. (2003). Improved tests for a random effects meta-regression with a single covariate. Statistics in Medicine, 22(17), 2693–2710. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.1482.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kurebayashi, Y., & Otaki, J. (2017). Association between altered physical activity and neurocognitive function among people with schizophrenia: A minimum 6-months' follow-up study. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 77, 45–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2017.06.001.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, W. K. (2013). Effectiveness of computerized cognitive rehabilitation training on symptomatological, neuropsychological and work function in patients with schizophrenia. Asia-Pacific Psychiatry, 5(2), 90–100. https://doi.org/10.1111/appy.12070.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lindenmayer, J. P., McGurk, S. R., Mueser, K. T., Khan, A., Wance, D., Hoffman, L., … Xie, H. (2008). A randomized controlled trial of cognitive remediation among inpatients with persistent mental illness. Psychiatr Services, 59(3), 241–247. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.59.3.241.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lu, H., Li, Y., Li, F., Jiao, X., Shi, W., Guo, K., & Liu, P. (2012). Randomized controlled trial on adjunctive cognitive remediation therapy for chronically hospitalized patients with schizophrenia. Shanghai Archives of Psychiatry, 24(3), 149–154. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002-0829.2012.03.004.Google ScholarPubMed
Matsui, S. T., Arai, H., Higuchi, Y., & Kurachi, M. (2008). Cognitive functioning related to quality of life in schizophrenia. Progress in Neuro-psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 32(1), 280–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.08.019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCarthy, J. B., Weiss, S. R., Segovich, K. T., & Barbot, B. (2016). Impact of psychotic symptoms on cognitive functioning in child and adolescent psychiatric inpatients with severe mood disorders. Psychiatry Research, 244, 223–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2016.07.049.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McGurk, S., & Meltzer, H. (2000). The role of cognition in vocational functioning in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 45(3), 175–184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGurk, S., Twamley, E., Stitzer, M., McHugo, G., & Mueser, K. (2007). A meta-analysis of cognitive remediation in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164(12), 1791–1802. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07060906.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Medalia, A., Aluma, M., Tryon, W., & Merriam, A. E. (1998). Effectiveness of attention training in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 24(1), 147–152. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Medalia, A., & Choi, J. (2009). Cognitive remediation in schizophrenia. Neuropsychology Review, 19(3), 353–364. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-009-9097-y.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Medalia, A., Revheim, N., & Casey, M. (2001). The remediation of problem-solving skills in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 27(2), 259–267.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Medalia, A., & Saperstein, A. M. (2013). Does cognitive remediation for schizophrenia improve functional outcomes? Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 26(2), 151–157. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0b013e32835dcbd4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., & Altman, D. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. Annals of Internal Medicine, 151(4), 264–269.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Network, S. I. G. (2013). Management of schizophrenia (SIGN 131). Scotland: Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Retrieved from https://www.sign.ac.uk/assets/sign131.pdf.Google Scholar
Nuechterlein, K. H., Green, M. F., Kern, R. S., Baade, L. E., Barch, D. M., Cohen, J. D., … Marder, S. R. (2008). The MATRICS consensus cognitive battery, part 1: Test selection, reliability, and validity. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165(2), 203–213. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07010042.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nuechterlein, K. H., Subotnik, K. L., Ventura, J., Casaus, L. R., & Luo, J. S. (2015). Cognitive predictors of functional outcome and clinical course after a first schizophrenia episode: The impact of psychosocial interventions. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 41, S57. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbv010.Google Scholar
Ong, H. L., Subramaniam, M., Abdin, E., Wang, P., Vaingankar, J. A., Lee, S. P., … Chong, S. A. (2016). Performance of Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) in long-stay patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders in a psychiatric institute. Psychiatry Research, 241, 256–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2016.04.116.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O'Reilly, K., Donohoe, G., Coyle, C., O'Sullivan, D., Rowe, A., Losty, M., … Kennedy, H. G. (2015). Prospective cohort study of the relationship between neuro-cognition, social cognition and violence in forensic patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. BMC Psychiatry, 15, 155. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-015-0548-0.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rashid, N. A., Lim, J., Lam, M., Chong, S. A., Keefe, R. S., & Lee, J. (2013). Unraveling the relationship between obesity, schizophrenia and cognition. Schizophrenia Research, 151(1–3), 107–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2013.09.020.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
R_Core_Team. (2017). R: A language and environment for statistical computing: R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. Retrieved from http://www.Rproject.org/.Google Scholar
Reeder, C., Harris, V., Pickles, A., Patel, A., Cella, M., & Wykes, T. (2014). Does change in cognitive function predict change in costs of care for people with a schizophrenia diagnosis following cognitive remediation therapy? Schizophrenia Bulletin, 40(6), 1472–1481. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbu046.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reeder, C., Huddy, V., Cella, M., Taylor, R., Greenwood, K., Landau, S., & Wykes, T. (2017). A new generation computerised metacognitive cognitive remediation programme for schizophrenia (CIRCuiTS): A randomised controlled trial. Psychological Medicine, 47(15), 2720–2730. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291717001234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reichenberg, A., & Harvey, P. D. (2007). Neuropsychological impairments in schizophrenia: Integration of performance-based and brain imaging findings. Psychological Bulletin, 133(5), 833–858. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.5.833.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robinson, D. G., Woerner, M. G., McMeniman, M., Mendelowitz, A., & Bilder, R. M. (2004). Symptomatic and functional recovery from a first episode of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161(3), 473–479. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.161.3.473.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rodewald, K., Rentrop, M., Holt, D. V., Roesch-Ely, D., Backenstrass, M., Funke, J., … Kaiser, S. (2011). Planning and problem-solving training for patients with schizophrenia: A randomized controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry, 11, 73. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-11-73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rose, D. W. T., Farrier, D., Doran, A., Sporle, T., & Bogner, D. (2008). What do clients think of cognitive remediation therapy?: A consumer-led investigation of satisfaction and side effects. American Journal of Psychiatric Rehabilitation, 11, 181–204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenberg, M. S. (2005). The file-drawer problem revisited: A general weighted method for calculating fail-safe numbers in meta-analysis. Evolution, 59(2), 464–468. https://doi.org/10.1554/04-602.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosenthal, R. (1979). The file drawer problem and tolerance for null results. Psychological Bulletin, 86(3), 638–641. https://doi.org/10.1037//0033-2909.86.3.638.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenthal, R. (1991). Meta-analytic procedures for social research (Rev. ed.). Newbury Park: Sage Publications.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Royal College of Psychiatrists. (2012). Report of the national audit of schizophrenia (NAS). London: Healthcare Quality Improvement Partnership. Retrieved from https://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/docs/default-source/improving-care/ccqi/national-clinical-audits/ncap-library/national-audit-of-schizophrenia-document-library/nas-round-1-national-report.pdf?sfvrsn=cea216d_2..Google Scholar
Sanchez, P., Pena, J., Bengoetxea, E., Ojeda, N., Elizagarate, E., Ezcurra, J., & Gutierrez, M. (2014). Improvements in negative symptoms and functional outcome after a new generation cognitive remediation program: A randomized controlled trial. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 40(3), 707–715. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbt057.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sartory, G., Zorn, C., Groetzinger, G., & Windgassen, K. (2005). Computerized cognitive remediation improves verbal learning and processing speed in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 75(2–3), 219–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2004.10.004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schulz, K. F., Altman, D. G., & Moher, D. (2010). CONSORT 2010 Statement: Updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 63(8), 834–840. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.02.005.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Silverstein, S. M., Hatashita-Wong, M., Solak, B. A., Uhlhaas, P., Landa, Y., Wilkniss, S. M., … Smith, T. E. (2005). Effectiveness of a two-phase cognitive rehabilitation intervention for severely impaired schizophrenia patients. Psychological Medicine, 35(6), 829–837.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spaulding, W. D., Reed, D., Sullivan, M., Richardson, C., & Weiler, M. (1999). Effects of cognitive treatment in psychiatric rehabilitation. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 25(4), 657–676. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033409.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tan, S., Zou, Y., Wykes, T., Reeder, C., Zhu, X., Yang, F., … Zhou, D. (2016). Group cognitive remediation therapy for chronic schizophrenia: A randomized controlled trial. Neuroscience Letters, 626, 106–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2015.08.036.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tsapekos, D., Taylor, R., & Cella, M. (2019). Feasibility and acceptability of brief cognitive remediation targeting metacognition in acute inpatients with psychosis: A case series. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 29(3), 361–375. https://doi.org/10.1080/09602011.2017.1301263.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
van der Gaag, M., Kern, R. S., van den Bosch, R. J., & Liberman, R. P. (2002). A controlled trial of cognitive remediation in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 28(1), 167–176. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a006919.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vauth, R., Corrigan, P. W., Clauss, M., Dietl, M., Dreher-Rudolph, M., Stieglitz, R. D., & Vater, R. (2005). Cognitive strategies versus self-management skills as adjunct to vocational rehabilitation. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 31(1), 55–66. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbi013.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Veroniki, A. A., Jackson, D., Viechtbauer, W., Bender, R., Bowden, J., Knapp, G., … Salanti, G. (2016). Methods to estimate the between-study variance and its uncertainty in meta-analysis. Research Synthesis Methods, 7(1), 55–79. https://doi.org/10.1002/jrsm.1164.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vesterager, L., Christensen, T. O., Olsen, B. B., Krarup, G., Melau, M., Forchhammer, H. B., & Nordentoft, M. (2012). Cognitive and clinical predictors of functional capacity in patients with first episode schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 141(2–3), 251–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2012.08.023.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Viechtbauer, W. (2010a). Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor package. Journal of Statistical Software, 36(3), 1–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Viechtbauer, W. (2010b). Learning from the past: Refining the way we study treatments. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 63(9), 980–982. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.04.004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wölwer, W., Frommann, N., Halfmann, S., Piaszek, A., Streit, M., & Gaebel, W. (2005). Remediation of impairments in facial affect recognition in schizophrenia: Efficacy and specificity of a new training program. Schizophrenia Research, 80(2–3), 295–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2005.07.018.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wood, H., Cupitt, C., & Lavender, T. (2015). The experience of cognitive impairment in people with psychosis. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 22(3), 193–207. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.1878.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wykes, H. V., Cellard, C., McGurk, S., & Czobor, P. (2011). A meta-analysis of cognitive remediation for schizophrenia: Methodology and effect sizes. American Journal of Psychiatry, 168(5), 472–485. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.10060855.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wykes, T., & Reeder, C. (2005). Cognitive remediation therapy for schizophrenia: Theory and practice. London, UK: Brunner Routledge.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Cella et al. supplementary material

Cella et al. supplementary material 1

Download Cella et al. supplementary material(File)
File 30.7 KB
Supplementary material: File

Cella et al. supplementary material

Cella et al. supplementary material 2

Download Cella et al. supplementary material(File)
File 664.9 KB
Supplementary material: File

Cella et al. supplementary material

Cella et al. supplementary material 3

Download Cella et al. supplementary material(File)
File 16.7 KB
Supplementary material: File

Cella et al. supplementary material

Cella et al. supplementary material 4

Download Cella et al. supplementary material(File)
File 15.6 KB