Hostname: page-component-788cddb947-xdx58 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-10-19T02:47:13.143Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Energy Requirements of Trout and Perch Populations in Loch Leven, Kinross

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 December 2011

R. I. G. Morgan
Affiliation:
Department of Biology, University of Stirling.
Get access

Synopsis

The minimum energy requirements of trout and perch populations in Loch Leven, Kinross, were calculated for the year 1970–71. Use was made of laboratory data relating to oxygen consumption and ammonium nitrogen (NH3–N) output. Estimates of the specific dynamic action (SDA) of food material were made at 5°, 10° and 15°C and used to predict periods of growth. It was found that optimum growth would take place at 10°C, as opposed to 15°C, and that negative somatic production in the overwintering trout population was due to the energy content of the food intake being less than the minimum energy requirements of metabolism.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Royal Society of Edinburgh 1974

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References to Literature

Allen, K. R., 1938. Some observations on the biology of the trout Salmo trutta in Windermere. J. Anim. Ecol., 7, 333349.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allen, K. R., 1951. The Horokiwi Stream: a study of a trout population. Fish. Bull. N.Z., 10, 1238.Google Scholar
Ball, J. N., 1961. On the food of the brown trout of Llyn Tegid. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 137, 599622.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bainbridge, R., 1958. The speed of swimming of fish as related to size and to the frequency and amplitude of the tail beat. J. Exp. Biol., 35, 109133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beamish, F. W. H., 1964. Influence of starvation on standard and routine oxygen consumption. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc., 93, 103107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beamish, F. W. H. and Mookerjii, P. S., 1964. Respiration of fishes with special emphasis on standard oxygen consumption. I. Influence of weight and temperature on respiration of goldfish, Carassuis awatus L. Can. J. Zool., 48, 12211228.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bindloss, M. E., Holden, A. V., Bailey-Watts, A. E. and Smith, I. R., 1972. Phytoplankton production, chemical and physical conditions in Loch Leven. Proc. IBP–UNESCO Symp. on Productivity Problems of Freshwater, Kazimierz Dolny, 1970.Google Scholar
Brett, J. R., 1962. Some considerations in the study of respiratory metabolism in fish, particularly salmon. J. Fish. Res. Bd Can., 19, 10251038.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brett, J. R., 1964. The respiratory metabolism and swimming performance of young sockeye salmon. J. Fish. Res. Bd Can., 21, 11831226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brett, J. R., 1972. The metabolic demand for oxygen in fish, particularly salmonids, and a comparison with other vertebrates. Resp. Physiol., 14, 151170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brett, J. R. and Higgs, D. A., 1970. Effects of temperature on the rate of gastric digestion in fingerling sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka. J. Fish. Res. Bd Can., 27, 17671779.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brett, J. R., Shelbourne, J. E. and Shoop, C. T., 1969. Growth rate and body composition of fingerling sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka in relation to temperature and ration size. J. Fish. Res. Bd Can., 26, 23632394.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brett, J. R. and Sutherland, D. B., 1965. Respiratory metabolism of pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus) in relation to swimming speed. J. Fish. Res. Bd Can., 22, 405409.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, M. E., 1946 a. The growth of brown trout (Salmo trutta Linn.) I. Factors influencing the growth of trout fry. J. Exp. Biol., 22, 118129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, M. E., 1946 b. The growth of brown trout (Salmo trutta Linn.) II. The growth of two year old trout at a constant temperature of 11′5°C. J. Exp. Biol., 22, 130144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chaney, A. L. and Marbach, E. P., 1962. Modified reagents for determination of urea and ammonia. Clin. Chem., 8, 130132.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cowey, C. B. and Sargeant, J. R., 1972. Fish nutrition. In Advances in Marine Biology, 10. (Russell, F. S. and Yonge, M., Eds.) Academic Press.Google Scholar
Davis, G. E. and Warren, C. E., 1971. Estimation of food consumption rates. IBP Handb., 3, 227249.Google Scholar
Doudoroff, P. and Shumway, D. L., 1970. Dissolved oxygen requirements of freshwater fishes. FAO Fisheries Tech. Paper, 86, 291 pp.Google Scholar
Edmondson, W. T. and Winberg, G. G., 1971. A Manual on Methods for the Assessment of Secondary Productivity in Fresh Waters. IBP Handb., 17.Google Scholar
Edwards, D. J., 1971. Effect of temperature on rate of passage of food through the alimentary canal of the plaice Pleuronectes platessa L. J. Fish. Biol., 3, 433441.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elliot, J. M., 1972. Rates of gastric evacuation in brown trout Salmo trutta L. Freshwat. Biol., 2, 118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frost, W. E., 1945. R. Liffey Survey. VI. Discussion on the results obtained from investigations on the food and growth of brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) in alkaline and acid waters. Proc. Roy. Ir. Acad., 50B, 321342.Google Scholar
Fry, F. E. J., 1957. The aquatic respiration of fishes. In Physiology of Fishes. (Brown, M. E., Ed.) New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Gerking, S. D., 1954. The food turnover of a bluegill population. Ecology, 35, 490498.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gerktng, S. D., 1962. Production and food utilisation in a population of bluegill sunfish. Ecol. Monogr., 32, 3178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glass, N. R., 1968. The effect of time of food deprivation on the routine oxygen consumption of largemouth black bass (Micropterus salmoides). Ecology, 49, 340343.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hergenrader, G. L. and Hasler, A. D., 1967. Seasonal changes in swimming rates of yellow perch in Lake Mendota as measured by sonar. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc., 96, 373382.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hergenrader, G. L., 1968. Influence of changing seasons on schooling behaviour of yellow perch. J. Fish. Res. Bd Can., 25, 711716.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holliday, F. G. T., Tytler, P. and Young, A. H., 1974. Activity levels of trout Salmo trutta in Airthrey Loch, Stirling and Loch Leven, Kinross. Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinb., B, 74, 315331.Google Scholar
Hunt, P. C. and Jones, J. W., 1972. The food of brown trout in Llyn Alaw, Anglesey, North Wales. J. Fish. Biol., 4, 333353.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
IBP, 1971. Symbols, Units and Conversion Factors in Studies of Fresh Water Productivity. (Winberg, G. C., Ed.) London: IBP.Google Scholar
Johnson, L., 1966 a. Experimental determination of food consumption of pike Esox lucius, for growth and maintenance. J. Fish. Res. Bd Can., 23, 14951505.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, L., 1966 b. Consumption of food by the resident population of pike, Esox lucius, in Lake Winder-mere. J. Fish. Res. Bd Can., 23, 15231535.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krogh, A., 1916. Respiratory Exchange of Animals and Man. London: Longmans.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kutty, M. N., 1968. Respiratory quotients in goldfish and rainbow trout. J. Fish Res. Bd Can., 25, 16891728.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kutty, M. N., 1972. Respiratory quotient and ammonia excretion in Tilapia mossambica. Mar. Biol., 16, 126133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Le Cren, E. D., 1951. The length-weight relationship and seasonal cycle in gonad weight and condition in the perch (Perca fluviatilia). J. Anim. Ecol., 20, 201219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lusk, S. and Zdrazilck, P., 1969. Contribution to the bionomics and production of the brown trout (Salmo trutta m. fario L.) in the Lucova Brook. Zool. Listy, 18, 381402.Google Scholar
Maitland, P. S., Charles, W. N., Morgan, N. C., East, K. and Gray, M. C., 1972. Preliminary research on the production of chironomidae in Loch Leven, Scotland. Proc. IBP-UNESCO Symp. on Productivity Problems of Freshwater, Kazimierz Dolny, 1970.Google Scholar
Mann, K. H., 1965. Energy transformation by a population of fish in the River Thames. J. Anim. Ecol., 34, 253275.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morgan, N. C., 1970. Productivity studies at Loch Leven (a shallow nutrient rich lowland lake). Proc. IBP-UNESCO Symp. on Productivity Problems of Freshwater, Kazimierz Dolny, 1970.Google Scholar
Morgan, R. I. G., 1973. Some aspects of the active metabolism of brown trout and perch. Ph.D. Thesis. Stirling Univ.Google Scholar
Muir, B. S. and Niimi, A. J., 1972. Oxygen consumption of the euryhaline fish aholehole Kuhlia sandvicensis with reference to salinity, swimming and food consumption. J. Fish. Res. Bd Can., 29, 6777.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phillips, A. M. Jr., 1969. Nutrition, digestion and energy utilisation. In Fish Physiology, 1. (Hoar, W. S. and Randall, D. J., Eds.) London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Prus, T., 1970. Calorific value of animals as an element of bioenergetical investigations. Polskie Archwm Hydrobiol., 17, 183199.Google Scholar
Reeve, M. R., 1968. The biology of chaetognaths. 1. Quantitative aspects of growth and egg production in Sagitta hispida. In Marine Food Chains, 168189. (Steele, J. H., Ed.), Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd.Google Scholar
Sameoto, D. D., 1972. Yearly respiration rate and estimated energy budget for Sagitta elegans. J. Fish. Res. Bd Can., 29, 987996.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schoenheimer, R., 1942. The Dynamic State of Body Constituents. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press.Google Scholar
Sinclair, H. M. and Hollingsworth, D. F., 1969. Hutchinson's Food and the Principles of Nutrition. 12th edn. London: Arnold.Google Scholar
Solomon, D. J. and Brafield, A. E., 1972. The energetics of feeding, metabolism and growth of perch (Perca fluviatilis L.). J. Anim. Ecol., 41, 699718.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stratford, P., 1972. Some economic considerations in trout production. The Two Lakes Fourth Fishery Management Training Course Report. Janssen.Google Scholar
Sutterlin, A. M., 1969. Effects of exercise on cardiac and ventilation frequency in three species of freshwater teleosts. Physiol. Zool., 42, 3653.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thorpe, J. E., 1974. Trout and perch populations at Loch Leven, Kinross. Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinb., B, 74, 295313.Google Scholar
Warren, C. E. and Davis, G. E., 1967. Laboratory studies on the feeding, bionergetics and growth of fish. In The Biological Basis of Freshwater Fish Production. (Gerking, S. D., Ed.) London: Black well.Google Scholar
West, E. S., Tod, W. R., Mason, H. S. and Bruggen, J. T. V., 1967. Textbook of Biochemistry. 4th edn. New York and London: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Winberg, G. G., 1956. Rate of metabolism and food requirements of fishes. Minsk: Belorussian St. Univ. (Fish. Res. Bd Can. Transl. Ser., 194, 1960, 202 pp.)Google Scholar
Young, A. H., Tytler, P., Holliday, F. G. T. and Macfarlane, A., 1972. A small sonic tag for measurement of locomotor behaviour in fish. J. Fish. Biol., 4, 5765.CrossRefGoogle Scholar