Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-jr42d Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-19T14:10:15.892Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Eels, Beavers, and Horses: Human Niche Construction in the European Late Upper Palaeolithic

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 October 2017

Antony G. Brown ,
Laura S. Basell  and
Rebecca Farbstein
Antony G. Brown
Affiliation:
Palaeoenvironmental Laboratory University of Southampton (PLUS), Shackleton Building, Highfields Campus, Southampton SO17 1BJUK. Email: Tony.Brown@soton.ac.uk
Laura S. Basell
Affiliation:
School of Natural & Built Environment, Queen’s University Belfast, University Road, Belfast, BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland
Rebecca Farbstein
Affiliation:
Department of Archaeology, University of Southampton, Avenue Campus, Southampton SO17 1BJ
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This paper examines interactions between co-occupants of riverine niches in north-west Europe during the Late Upper Palaeolithic using both ecological and archaeological data. It is argued that consideration of both the Lateglacial record and autecology of eel, beaver and horse supports a reinterpretation of some famous but enigmatic panels of Magdalenian mobiliary art as representations of eel fishing, along with horse and beaver exploitation in disturbed riverine habitats. It is further suggested that this constitutes a humanly co-constructed niche in ecological, nutritional, and symbolic terms, which was also particularly advantageous for human well-being and social development in this time and place.

Résumé

Anguilles, castors et chevaux: Construction de niche humaine dans la deuxième partie du paléolithique supérieur européen, de Antony G. Brown, Laura S. Basell et Rebecca Farbstein

Cet article examine les intéractions entre les divers occupants de niches riveraines dans l’Europe du nord-ouest durant la deuxième partie du paléolithique supérieur final utilisant à la fois des données écologiques et archéologiques. On argumente que l’étude à la fois des récents vestiges de glaciation et de l’autécologie des anguilles, castors et chevaux donne du poids à une réinterprétation de certains célèbres, mais énigmatiques, panneaux d’art mobilier magdalénien comme représentation de pêche à l’anguille, au côté de l’exploitation de chevaux et de castors dans des habitats riverains perturbés. On propose, de plus, que ceci constitue une niche humaine co-construite en termes d’écologie, de nutrition et de symbole, qui était aussi particulièrement propice au bien-être et à l’avancement social en ce temps et lieu.

Zussamenfassung

Aale, Biber und Pferde: Die Bildung menschlicher Nischen im europäischen Späten Jungpaläolithikum, von Antony G. Brown, Laura S. Basell und Rebecca Farbstein

Dieser Beitrag untersucht Interaktionen zwischen den verschiedenen Nutzern ökologischer Nischen in Fließgewässerräumen in Nordwesteuropa im Späten Jungpaläolithikum auf Basis von sowohl ökologischen als auch archäologischen Daten. Es wird argumentiert, dass eine Berücksichtigung der Datenlage zum Spätglazial einerseits und der Autökologie von Aalen, Bibern und Pferden andererseits die Grundlagen für eine neue Interpretation einiger berühmter, aber rätselhafter Bilderreihen mobiler magdalenienzeitlicher Kunst liefert als Darstellungen von Aalfischerei sowie Ausbeutung von Pferden und Bibern in gestörten flussnahen Habitaten. Weiterhin wird erwogen, dass dies eine auch menschlich erzeugte Nische im ökologischen, diätischen und symbolischen Sinne war, die zudem besonders vorteilhaft für das menschliche Wohlergehen und die soziale Entwicklung zu dieser Zeit und in diesem Raum war.

Resumen

Anguilas, castores y caballos: construcciones de los nichos humanos en el Paleolítico Superior Final, por Antony G. Brown, Laura S. Basell y Rebecca Farbstein

En este artículo se examinan las interacciones entre los ocupantes de los nichos ribereños en el noroeste de Europa durante el Paleolítico Superior final, a partir de los datos ecológicos y arqueológicos. La documentación durante el último glacial y la ecología de poblaciones de algunas especies como la anguila, el castor y el caballo apoyan una reinterpretación de algunos famosos pero enigmáticos restos de arte mueble magdaleniense tales como representaciones de la pesca de la anguila y la explotación de caballos y castores en hábitats ribereños alterados. Se sugiere además que esto supone un nicho construido por parte de los seres humanos en términos ecológicos, nutricionales y simbólicos, lo que fue particularmente ventajoso para el bienestar humano y su desarrollo social en ese momento y entorno.

Keywords

niche construction theoryMagdaleniannutritionmobiliary artsedentism
Type
Articles
Information
Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society , Volume 83 , December 2017 , pp. 1 - 22
Copyright
© The Prehistoric Society 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Aaris-Sorensen, K. 2009. Fossils and strata, diversity and dynamics of the mammalian fauna in Denmark throughout the last glacial interglacial cycle 115–0 bp. Fossils and Strata 57, 1–59 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adavasio, J.M., Soffer, O. & Klima, B. 1996. Upper Palaeolithic fibre technology: interlaced woven finds from Pavlov I, Czech Republic, c. 26,000 years ago. Antiquity 70, 526–534 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Agostoni, C. 2008. Role of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in the first year of life. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology & Nutrition 47(Suppl. 2), S41–4 Google Scholar
Airvaux, J. 2002. L’art préhistorique du Poitou-Charentes. Paris: Editions La Maison des Roches Google Scholar
Allaby, R. G., Kistler, L., Gutaker, R.M., Ware, R., Kitchen, J. L., Smith, O. & Clarke, A.C. 2015. Archaeogenomic insights into the adaptation of plants to the human environment: pushing plant–hominin co-evolution back to the Pliocene. Journal of Human Evolution 79, 150–157 Google Scholar
Amnin, C., Yingfu, M., Yuan, G. & Zhemin, G. 2003. Encyclopedic Reference of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Heidelberg: Springer Google Scholar
Andel, T.H. van & Davies, W.D. (eds). 2003. Neanderthals and Modern Humans in the European Landscape of the Last Glaciation – Archaeological Results of the Stage 3 Project. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research Google Scholar
Anon, 1899. Poison in the blood of the eel. New York Times 9 April 1899.Google Scholar
Antl-Weiser, W. 2006. Szombathy’s excavations in the Mladec cave and the first presentations of the results. In M. Teschler-Nicola (ed.), Early Modern Humans at the Moravian Gate: Mladec Caves and their Remains, 1–16. Vienna/New York: Springer Google Scholar
Auerbach, P.S. & Halstead, B.W. 2007. Hazardous aquatic life. In P.S. Auerbach & E. C. Geehr (eds), Management of Wilderness and Environmental Emergencies, 933–1028. St louis: C.V. Mosby (2 edn) Google Scholar
Ávarez-Fernández, E. 2011. Humans and marine resources interactions reappraised: archaeofauna remains during the Late Pleistocene and Holocene in Cantabrian Spain. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 30, 327–343 Google Scholar
Bahn, P. & Vertut, J. 1988. Images of the Ice Age. New York: Windward Google Scholar
Bailon, S. 1991. Amphibiens et Reptiles du Pliocène et du Quaternaire de France et d’Espagne: mise en place et évolution des faunes. Unpublished M.S. thesis, Université Paris 7Google Scholar
Baker, M. 2013. First fluorescent protein identified in a vertebrate. Scientific American https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/first-fluorescent-protein-identified-in-a-vertebrate-animal/ CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, R. R. 1978. The Evolutionary Ecology of Animal Migration. New York: Homes and Meier Google Scholar
Balter, M. 2014. The killing ground. Science Magazine 344, 1080–1083 Google Scholar
Barrett, J. 2001. Agency, the duality of structure, and the problem of the archaeological record. In I. Hodder (ed.), Archaeological Theory Today, 141–164. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Google Scholar
Barton, N., Roberts, A.J. & Roe, D.A. 1991. The Lateglacial in North-west Europe: Human Adaptation and Environmental Change at the End of the Pleistocene. York: Council for British Archaeology Research Report 77 Google Scholar
Bignon, O. & Turner, E. 2003. Horse Hunting and the Utilization of Horse Carcasses during the Magdalenian in Europe. Oxford: British Archaeological Report S65 Google Scholar
Bignon, O., Baylac, M., Vigne, J-D. & Eisenmann, V. 2005. Geomteric morphometrics and the population diversity of Lateglacial horses in Western Europe (Equus caballus acrcelini): phylogeographic and anthropological implications. Journal of Archaeological Science 32, 375–391 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Birch, E.E., Garfield, S., Castaneda, Y., Hughbanks-Wheaton, D., Uauy, R. & Hoffman, D. 2007. Visual acuity and cognitive outcomes at 4 years of age in a double-blind, randomized trial of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid-supplemented infant formula. Early Human Development 83, 279–284 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Birks, H.J.B. & Birks, H.H. 2008. Biological responses to rapid climate change at the Younger Dryas–Holocene transition – succession, diversity, turnover, and rates of change. Holocene 18, 19–30 Google Scholar
Birks, H.J.B. & Willis, K. 2008. Alpines, trees, and refugia in Europe. Plant Ecology and Diversity 1, 147–160 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blain, H-A, Gleed-Owen, C., Carriónd, J. S., Jennings, R., Finlayson, G. & Giles-Pacheco, F. 2013. Climatic conditions for the last Neanderthals: Herpetofaunal record of Gorham’s Cave, Gibraltar. Journal of Human Evolution 64, 289–299 Google Scholar
Blockley, S., Bourne, A., Brauer, A., Davies, S.M., Hardiman, M., Harding, P.R., Lane, C.S., MacLeod, A., Matthews, I.P., Pyne-O’Donnell, S.D.F., Rasmussen, S.O., Wulf, S. & Zanchetta, G. 2012. Tephrochronology and the extended intimate (integration of ice-core, marine and terrestrial records) event stratigraphy 8–128kab2k. Quaternary Science Reviews 106, 88–100 Google Scholar
Bocherens, H. 2015. Isotopic tracking of large carnivore palaeoecology in the mammoth steppe. Quaternary Science Reviews 117, 42–71 Google Scholar
Bocquet, A. 1969. L’Isère préhistorique et protohistorique. Gallia Préhistoire 12(1), 121–400 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boudadi-Maligne, M., Mallye, J.-B., Langlais, M. & Barshay-Szmidt, C. 2012. Magdalenian dog remains from Le Morin rock-shelter (Gironde, France). Socio-economic implications of a zootechnical innovation. Paleo 23, 39–54 Google Scholar
Boyle, K.V. 1994. La Madeleine (Tursac, Dordogne). Une étude paléoéconomique du Paléolithique supérieur. Paleo 6, 55–77 Google Scholar
Boyle, K.V. 2010. From laugerie basse to jolivet: The organization of final Magdalenian settlement in the Vézère valley. World Archaeology 27, 477–491 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bozinski, G. 1979. Stratigraphie du Paléolthique supéreur recent et du Paléolthique final dans le basin de Neuwied (vallée du Rhon moyen RFA). In de Sonnervilles-Brodes, D. (ed.), Le Fins des Temps Glaciares en Europe, 193–201. Paris: Colloques Internationaux du CNRS 271 Google Scholar
Bosninski, G. 1983. Die Jägerische geshichte dew Rheinlandes – einsichen und lucken. Jahbruch des Romisch-Germanischen Zentralsmuseums Mainz 30, 81–112 Google Scholar
Brenna, J.T. & Carlson, S.E. 2014. Docosahexaenoic acid and human brain development: Evidence that a dietary supply is needed for optimum development. Journal of Human Evolution 77, 99–106 Google Scholar
Breuil, H. 1937. Les Subdivisions du Palèolithique Supérieur et leur Signification (2 edn)Google Scholar
Breuil, H. & Saint-Périer, R. 1927. Les poisons et les reptiles dans l’art quaternaire. Archives de l’Institut de Paléontologie Humaine. Paris: Institut de Paléontologie Humaine Mémoire Google Scholar
Brochier, J.E. & Livaxhe, M. 1978. Le niveau C de l’abri n°1 de Chinchon à Saumanes de Vaucluse: analyse des correspondances et ses conséquences quant à l’origine des complexes du Le niveau C de l’abri n°1 de Chinchon à Saumanes de Vaucluse. Géologie Meditarréene 4, 359–369 Google Scholar
Brown, A.G. 1995. Lateglacial–Holocene sedimentation in lowland temperate environments: floodplain metamorphosis and multiple channel systems. Palaeoclimate Research/ Paläoklimforschung 14, 1–15 Google Scholar
Brown, A.G., Basell, L.S., Robinson, S. & Burge, G.C. 2013. Site distribution at the edge of the Palaeolithic world: A nutritional niche approach. PLoS ONE 8(12), e81476, 1–14Google Scholar
Bruijs, M.C.M. & Durif, C.M.E. 2009. Siver eel migration and behaviour. In Van den Thillart, G., Dufour, S. & Rankin, J.C. (eds), Spawning Migration of the European Eel, 65–95. Amsterdam: Springer Google Scholar
Buckley, S., Usa, D., Jakob, T., Radini, A. & Hardy, K. 2014. Dental calculus reveals unique insights into food items, cooking and plant processing in prehistoric central Sudan. PLoS ONE 9(7), e100808.Google Scholar
Bunn, H.T. & Pickering, T.R. 2010. Bovid mortality profiles in paleoecological context falsify hypotheses of endurance running-hunting and passive scavenging by early Pleistocene hominins. Quaternary Research 74, 395–404 Google Scholar
Bunn, H.T. & Gurtov, A.N. 2014. Prey mortality profiles indicate that Early Pleistocene Homo at Olduvai was an ambush predator. Quaternary International 322–3, 44–53 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bunting, S.W. & Little, D. C. 2005. The emergence of urban aquaculture in Europe. In B. Costa-Pierce, A. Desbonnet, P.Edwards & D. Baker (eds), Urban Aquaculture, 119–137. Wallingford: CAB International Google Scholar
Burkitt, M.C. 1921. Prehistory: A study of early cultures in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Google Scholar
Campbell, J. B. 1977. The Upper Palaeolithic in Britain: A study of man and nature in the Late Ice Age. Oxford: Clarendon Google Scholar
Chaix, L. & Olive, C. 1984. Étude de la faune de l’Epipaléolithique à la Tène. Bulletin de la Société Préhistorique Française 81, 337–341 Google Scholar
Cheatham, C.L., Colombo, J. & Carlson, S.E. 2006. n−3 Fatty acids and cognitive and visual acuity development: methodologic and conceptual considerations 1’2’3’4. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 83 (6), S1458–1466S CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, J.G.D. 1936. The Mesolithic Settlement of Northern Europe. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Google Scholar
Coles, B. 2006. Beavers in Britain’s Past. Oxford: Oxbow Books Google Scholar
Conard, N.J., Jordi Serangeli, J., Böhner, U., Starkovich, B.M., Miller, C.E., Urban, B. & Van Kolfschoten, T. 2015. Excavations at Schöningen and paradigm shifts in human evolution. Journal of Human Evolution 89, 1–17 Google Scholar
Cooper, M. 2001. Exploring the Ice Age. London: Atheneum Google Scholar
Couloonges, L. 1963. Magdalénien et périgordien post-glaciaires: la grotte de La Borie del Rey (Lot-et-Garonne). Gallia Préhistoire 6, 1–29 Google Scholar
Cravinho, S. & Desse-Berset, N. 2005. Les poissons du Bois-Ragot (Gouex, Vienne). In A. Chollet (ed.), La grotte du Bois-Ragot à Gouex (Vienne): Magdalénien et Azilien: essais sur les homes et leurs environnements, 355–371. Paris: Mémoire de la Societé prehistorique francaise 38 Google Scholar
Crégut-Bonnoure, E. 1992. La faune de Mammifères de Chinchon II (Saumane-de-Vaucluse, Vaucluse). Bulletin Archéologique de Provence 21, 9–13 Google Scholar
Currant, A.P. 1986. The Lateglacial mammal fauna of Gough’s Cave, Cheddar, Somerset. Proceedings of the University of Bristol Spelaeological Society 17, 286–304 Google Scholar
Currant, A. P. & Jacobi, R. 2011. The mammal faunas of the British Late Pleistocene. In N.M. Ashton, S.G. Lewis & C.B. Stringer (eds), The Ancient Human Occupation of Britain, 181–222. Amsterdam: Elsevier Google Scholar
Dachary, M. 2008. Le Magdalénien des Pyrénées occidentales. Nanterre: Universite de Nanterre Google Scholar
David, S. 1996. La fin du Paléolithique supérieur en Franche-Comté: environnement, cultures, chronologie. Gallia Préhistoire 38(1), 111–248 Google Scholar
Davies, W., White, D., Lewis, M. & Stringer, C. 2014. Evaluating the transitional mosaic: frameworks of change from Neanderthals to Homo sapiens in eastern Europe. Quaternary Science Reviews 118, 211–242 Google Scholar
Dawkins, R. 1982. The Extended Phenotype. Oxford: Freeman Google Scholar
Dawson, T.P., Jackson, S.T., House, J.I., Prentice, I.C. & Mace, G.M. 2011. Beyond predictions: biodiversity conservation in a changing climate. Science 332, 53–58 Google Scholar
Deelder, C.L. 1985. Exposée synoptique des données sue languille, Anguilla Anguilla (Linnaeus 1758). Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Synopsis Pêches 80 Revue 1Google Scholar
Dods, R. 2003. Wondering the wetland: archaeology through the lens of myth and metaphor in northern Boreal Canada. Journal of Wetland Archaeology 3, 17–36 Google Scholar
Duche, G. 1986–7. Premiere approche de la faune ichtyologique du Niveau 2B du Bois des Brousses, Aniane, Herault. Études Quaternaires Languedociennes Cahier 5, 14–20 Google Scholar
Enloe, J. G. 2006. Geological processes and site structure: Assessing Integrity at a Late Paleolithic open-air site in northern France. Geoarchaeology 21, 523–540 Google Scholar
Fiedorczukt, J., Bratlund, B., Kolstrup, E. & Schild, R. 2007. Late Magdalenian feminine flint plaquettes from Poland. Antiquity 81(311), 97–105 Google Scholar
Fiore, I., Gala, M. & Tagliacozzo, A. 2004. Ecology and Subsistence Strategies in the Eastern Italian Alps during the Middle Palaeolithic. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 14, 273–286 Google Scholar
Fontana, L. 2000. La chasse au renne au Paléolithique supérieur dans le Sud-ouest de la France: nouvelles hypothèses de travail. Paléo 12, 141–164 Google Scholar
Fosse, P. 1999. La grande faune mammalienne: remarques préliminaires. In C. Chauchat (ed.), L’habitat Magdalénien de La Grotte Bourrouilla À Arancou (Pyrénées Atlantiques), 98–113. Gallia Préhistoire 41Google Scholar
Gambier, D., Valladas, H., Tisnerat-Laborde, N., Arnold, M. & Bresson, F. 2000. Accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon dating of human remains from the Upper Palaeolithic. Paléo 12, 201–212 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garrod, D. 1955. Palaeolithic spear throwers. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 21, 21–35 Google Scholar
Gill, J.L., Williams, J.W., Jackson, S.T., Donnelly, J.P. & Schellinger, G.C. 2012. Climatic and megaherbivory controls on late-glacial vegetation dynamics: a new, high-resolution, multi-proxy record from Silver Lake, Ohio. Quaternary Science Reviews 34, 66–80 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gleed-Owen, C.P. 1999. The palaeoclimatic and biostratigraphic significance of herpetofaunal remains in the British Quaternary. In P. Andrews & P. Banham (eds), Late Cenozoioc Environments and Hominid Evolution: A tribute to Bill Bishop, 201–215. London: Geological Society of London Google Scholar
Graziosi, P. 1960. Paleolithic Art. New York: McGraw Hill Google Scholar
Guthrie, R.D. 2006. The Nature of Paleolithic Art. Chicago: University of Chicago Press Google Scholar
Häglund, A. & Sjöberg, G. 1999. Effects of beaver dams on the fish fauna of forest streams. Forest Ecology and Management 115, 259–266 Google Scholar
Halstead, B.W. 1988. Poisonous and Venomous Marine Animals of the World. Princeton: Darwin Press (2 rev. edn) Google Scholar
Hardy, K., Radini, A. & Buckley, S. 2015. Diet, medicines, raw materials or palaeoenvironments? A broad approach to materials extracted from Palaeolithic dental calculus. Unpublished European Society for Human Evolution Conference Podium PresentationGoogle Scholar
Hardy, K., Radini, A., Buckley, S., Sarig, R, Copeland, L., Gopher, A. & Barkai, R. 2016. Dental calculus reveals potential respiratory irritants and ingestion of essential plant-based nutrients at Lower Palaeolithic Qesem Cave Israel. Quaternary International 398, 129–135 Google Scholar
Hardy, S. & Buckley, H.M. 2013. Neanderthal self-medication in context. Antiquity 87, 873–878 Google Scholar
Harrod, L., Grey, J., McCarthy, T.K. & Morrisey, M. 2005. Stable isotope analyses provide new insights into ecological plasticity in a mixohaline population of European eel. Oecologia 144, 673–683 Google Scholar
Hatfield, G. 2004. Encyclopedia of Folk Medicine: Old World and New World traditions. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO Google Scholar
Hérisson, D., Locht, J.-L., Vallin, L., Deschodt, L., Antione, P., Auguste, P., Limondin-Lozouet, N., Lefèbvre, S., Hulin, G., Masson, B. & Ghalen, B. 2015. Neandertals’ presence during the Eemian Interglacial in north-western Europe: a new site at Waziers (northern France). Unpublished European Society for Human Evolution Conference Podium PresentationGoogle Scholar
Hodgson, D. 2003. The biological foundations of Upper Palaeolithic Art: Stimulus, percept and representational imperatives. Rock Art Research 20, 3–22 Google Scholar
Hoek, W.Z. 1997. Patterns of Lateglacial vegetation in the Netherlands. Eiszeitalter u . Gegenwart 47, 78–88 Google Scholar
Hurcombe, L. 2014. Perishable Material Culture in Prehistory: Investigating the missing majority. London: Routledge Google Scholar
Isturitz Websites. Musée d’Archeologie Nationale et Domaine, St-Germain-en-Laye. http://musee-archeologienationale.fr/ and http://donsmaps.com/isturitz.html and http://www.arretetonchar.fr/ Google Scholar
Izquierdo, E.R. 1992. La ictiofauna musteriense de Cueva Millan (Burgos): consideraciones de indole biologica y cultural contrastadas con ictiocenosis paleoliticas Cantabriccas. Estudios Geologica 48, 79–83 Google Scholar
Julien, M. 1982. Les Harpons Magdaléniens. Paris: Editions du Centre national de la recherche scientifique Google Scholar
Julien, M. 1995. Harpons Magdaléniens. In A. Averbouth, C. Bellier & A. Billambozet (eds), Fiches Typologiques de L’industrie Osseus Préhistorique. Cahier VII: Élements Barbelés et Aparents, 83–99. Treignes: Centre d’Etudes et de Documentation Aicheoiogiques (CEDARC) Google Scholar
Keffer, W.J. & Welsh, A.E. 1936. Hemolytic and toxic properties of certain serums. Mendel Bulletin 8, 76–80 Google Scholar
Kettle, A.J., Heinrich, D., Barrett, J.H., Benecke, N. & Locker, A. 2008. Past distribution of European freshwater eel from archaeological and palaeontologist evidence. Quaternary Science Reviews 27, 1309–1334 Google Scholar
Kitchener, A. 2001. Beavers. Stowmarket: Whittet Books Google Scholar
Kuntz, D. & Costamagno, S. 2011. Relationship between reindeer and man in southwestern France during the Magdalenian. Quaternary International 238, 12–24 Google Scholar
Kuratko, L.N., Cernkovitch Barertt, E., Nelson, E.R. & Salem, N. 2013. The relationship of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) with learning and behaviour in healthy chidren: A review. Nutrients 5, 2777–2810 Google Scholar
Laland, K.N. & O’Brien, M. J. 2010. Niche construction theory and archaeology. Journal of Archaeological Method & Theory 17, 303–322 Google Scholar
Lane, P. 2014. Hunter-gatherer-fishers, ethnoarchaeology and analogical reasoning. In V. Cummings, P. Jordan & M. Zvelebil (eds), Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology and Anthropology of Hunter-Gatherers, 104–150. Oxford: Oxford University Press Google Scholar
Langley, M.C. 2013. A newly discovered horse engraving from La Madeleine (Dordogne), France. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 79, 377–381 Google Scholar
Langley, M. 2014. Magdalenian antler projectile point design: Determining original form for uni- and bilaterally barbed points. Journal of Archaeological Science 44, 104–116 Google Scholar
Lebreton, L., Moigne, A-M., Filoux, A. & Perrenoud, C. 2017. A specific small game exploitation for Lower Paleolithic: The beaver (Castor fiber) exploitation at the Caune de l’Arago (Pyrénées-Orientales, France). Journal of Archaeological Science Reports 11, 53–58 Google Scholar
Le Gall, O. 1999. Ichtyophagie et peˆches prehistoriques. Quelques donne´ es de l’Europe occidentale. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, L’Universite´ Bordeaux I.Google Scholar
Leroi-Gourhan, A. 1968. The Art of Prehistoric Man in Europe. London: Thames & Hudson Google Scholar
Leroi-Gourhan, A. & Allain, J. 1998. Lascaux inconnu. Paris: CNRS Google Scholar
Lespez, L., Viel, V., Rollet, A.J. & Delahaye, D. 2015. The anthropogenic nature of present-day low energy rivers in western France and implications for current restoration projects. Geomorphology 251, 64–76 Google Scholar
Lévi-Strauss, C. 1964. The Raw and the Cooked. Paris: Plon Google Scholar
Lewis, B. 2009. Hunting in Britain from the Ice Age to the Present. Stroud: History Press Google Scholar
Lewontin, R.C. 2000. The Triple Helix: Gene, organisms and environment. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press Google Scholar
Liarsou, A. 2014. Zones refuges glaciaires et processus de recolonisation tardiglaciaire et holocene du castor (Castor fiber L.) en Europe: apercu synthetique des donnees archeozoologiques. HAL Archives-Ouvert, 1–24 Google Scholar
Lotterr, A.F., Heiri, O., Brooks, S., van Leeuwen, J.F.N., Eicher, U. & Ammann, B. 2012. Rapid summer temperatuire change during Termination 1a: high resolution multi-proxy clkimate reconstructions from Gerzensee (Switzerland). Quaternary Science Reviews 36, 103–113 Google Scholar
MacCurdy, G.G. 1924. The field of Paleolithic art. American Anthropologist 26, 27–49 Google Scholar
Madden, J.R., Dingle, C., Isden, J., Sparfield, J., Goldizan, A.W. & Endler, J.A. 2012. Male spotted bowerbirds propagate fruit for use in their sexual display. Current Biology 22, R264–R265 Google Scholar
Maier, A. 2015. The Central European Magdalenian. Dordrecht: Springer Google Scholar
Marr, M. 2016. Radiocarbon dating of European beaver (Castor fiber L. 1958) from Gough’s Cave provides evidence of population persistence over the Younger Dyras in Britain. Proceedings of the University of Bristol Speleological Society 27, 105–108 Google Scholar
Marshack, A. 1972. The Roots of Civilisation: The cognitive beginnings of man’s first art, symbol and notation. New York: McGraw Hill Google Scholar
Mas D’Azil Website 2012. references: http://anetcha-parisienne.blogspot.com.au/2012/09/en-passant-par-saint-germain-en-laye.html and http://donsmaps.com/masdazil.html.Google Scholar
Meentemeyer, R.K. & Butler, D.R. 1999. Hydrogeomorphic effects of beaver dams in Glacier National Park, Montana. Physical Geography 20, 436–446 Google Scholar
Mihlbachler, M.C., Rivals, F., Solounias, N. & Semprebon, G.M. 2011. Dietary change and evolution of horses in North America. Science 331, 1178–1181 Google Scholar
Miller, R. 2012. Mapping the expansion of the Northwest Magdalenian. Quaternary International 273, 209–230 Google Scholar
Musil, R. 2000. Hunting in Central Europe at the end of the Last Glacial. Anthropologie et Préhistoire 111, 233–236 Google Scholar
de Nadaillac, A. 1887. Mœurs et monuments des peuples pré-historiques. Comptes-rendus des séances de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, Année 1887(31), 42–49 Google Scholar
Naiman, R.J., Johnston, C.A. & Kelly, J.C. 1988. Alteration of North American streams by beaver. Bioscience 38, 753–762 Google Scholar
Neer, W., van, Wouters, W. & Germonpre, M. 2007. Fish remains from three Upper Palaeolithic cave deposits in southern Belgium. Anthropologica et Praehistorica 118, 5–22 Google Scholar
Nitecki, M.H. & Nitecki, D.V. (eds) 1987. Evolution of Human Hunting. New York: Plenum Press Google Scholar
Odling-Smee, F.J., Laland, K.N. & Feldman, M.W. 2003. Niche Construction.The Neglected Process in Evolution. Princeton: Princeton University Press Google Scholar
Odling-Smee, J., Erwin, D.H., Palkovacs, E.P., Feldman, M.W. & Laland, K.N. 2013. Niche construction theory: A practical guide for ecologists. Quaterly Review of Biology 88, 3–28 Google Scholar
Osborn, H.F. 1915. Men of the Old Stone Age: Their environment, life and art. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons Google Scholar
Osgood, C. 1940. Ingalik Material Culture. New Haven: Yale University Publications in Anthropology 22 Google Scholar
Pacher, M. 2006. Large mammal remains from the Mladecˇ Caves and their contribution to site formation processes. In M. Teschler-Nicola (ed.), Early Modern Humans at the Moravian Gate: The Mladecˇ Caves and their Remains, 99–148. Dordrecht: Springer Google Scholar
Pante, M.C., Blumenschine, R.J., Capaldo, S.D. & Scott, R.S. 2012. Validation of bone surface modification models for inferring hominin and carnivore feeding interactions, with reapplication to FLK 22, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. Journal of Human Evolution 63, 395–407 Google Scholar
Pastre, J. -F., Limondin-Lozouet, N., Leroyer, C, Ponel, P. & Fontugne, M. 2003. River system evolution and environmental changes during the Lateglacial in the Paris Basin (France). Quaternary Science Reviews 22, 2177–2188 Google Scholar
Pêcheurs, A.D.E.S., Flandin, D.E.L.a B., Moncel, M., Daujeard, C., Cregut-bonnoure, É., Boulbes, N., Puaud, S., Debard, É., Bailon, S., Desclaux, E., Escude, É., Roger, T. & Dubar, M. 2010. Nouvelles données sur les occupations humaines du début du Pléistocène supérieur de la moyenne vallée du Rhône (France). Les sites de l’Abri des Pêcheurs, de la Baume Flandin, de l’Abri du Maras et de la Grotte du Figuier (Ardèche). Quaternaire 21(4), 385–411 Google Scholar
Petillon, J-M. 2008. What are these barbs for? Preliminary reflections on the function of the Upper Magdalenian barbed weapon tips/Des barbelures pour quoi faire? Reflexions preliminaires sur la fonction des pointes barbelees du Magdalenien superieur. Palethnologie 1, 66–97/69–102 <halshs-00403708>Google Scholar
Peyrona, O., Be´geota, T, C., Brewerb, S., Heiric, O., Magnya, M., Milleta, L., Ruffaldia, P., Van Campod, E. & Yue, G. 2005. Late-Glacial climatic changes in Eastern France (Lake Lautrey) from pollen, lake-levels, and chironomids. Quaternary Research 64, 197–211 Google Scholar
Pfeiler, E. 1986. Towards and explanation of the developmental strategy in leptocephalous larvae of marine teleost fishes. Environmental Biology of Fishes 15, 3–13 Google Scholar
Piette, E. 1907. L’Art pendant l'âge du renne. Paris: Masson Google Scholar
Pigaud, R. 2002. Le Cheval dans l’Art paléolithique: observé, disséqué … interprété. In L. Bodson (ed.), D’os, d’images et de mots. Contribution à la réflexion sur les sources de l’histoire des connaissances zoologiquies, 3–34. Liège: Université de Liège Google Scholar
Pion, G. 2009. La fin du Paléolithique supérieur dans les alpes du nord françaises et le Jura méridional. Approches culturelles et environmentales, 255–270. Paris: Société Préhistoriques Française Google Scholar
Ponel, P. & Coope, G.R. 1990. Lateglacial and eaerly Flandrian coleoptera from La Taphanel, Massif Central, France : Climatic and ecological implications. Journal of Quaternary Science 5, 235–249 Google Scholar
Power, R.C., Salazar-García, D.C., Straus, L.G., González Morales, M.R. & Henry, A.G. 2015. Microremains from El Mirón Cave human dental calculus suggest a mixed plant-animal subsistence economy during the Magdalenian in Northern Iberia. Journal of Archaeological Science 60, 39–46 Google Scholar
Pozzi, E. 2004. Les Magdaléniens. Art, civilisations, modes de vie, environnements. Grenoble: Millon Google Scholar
Prosek, J. 2011. Eels: An exploration from New Zealand to the Sargasso of the Worlds most mysterious fish. New York: Harper Collins Google Scholar
Radini, A., Buckley, S., Rosas, A., Estalrrich, A., de la Rasilla, M. & Hardy, K. in press. Neanderthals and trees: Non-edible conifer fibres found in Neanderthal dental calculus suggests extra-masticatory activity. Antiquity Google Scholar
Rhind, P. & Jones, B. 2003. The vegetation history of Snowdonia since the Lateglacial Period. Field Studies 10, 539–552 Google Scholar
Rice, P.C. & Paterson, A.L. 1996. Bone art in the Upper Palaeolithic: regional, temporal, and art classcomparisons. Cross-Cultural Research 30, 211–242 Google Scholar
Righton, D. & Roberts, M. 2014. Eels and people in the United Kingdom. In Tsukamoto & Kuroko (eds), 2014, 1–12Google Scholar
Roach, N.T., Venkadesan, M., Rainbow, M.J. & Lieberman, D.E. 2013. Elastic energy storage in the shoulder and the evolution of high-speed throwing in Homo . Nature 498, 483–487 Google Scholar
Roberts, M.B. & Parfitt, S.A. 1999. Boxgrove. A Middle Pleistocene hominid site at Eartham Quarry, Boxgrove, West Sussex. London: English Heritage Archaeological Report 17 Google Scholar
Román, D. & Villaverde, V. 2012. The Magdalenian harpoons from the Iberian Mediterranean, base don pieces from Cova de les Cendres (Teulada-Moraire, Valencia region). Quaternary International 272–3, 33–41 Google Scholar
Roselló, E. & Morales, A. 1995. Ictiofauna. In Cacho, C., Fumanal, M.P., López, P., López, J.A., Pérez Ripoll, M., Martínez Valle, R., Uzquiano, P., Arnanz, A., Sánchez Marco, A., Sevilla, P., Morales, A., Roselló, E., Garralda, M.D. & García-Carrillo, M. (eds), El Tossal de la Roca (Vall d’Alcalà, Alicante). Reconstruccio´n paleoambiental y cultural de la transicio´n del Tardiglaciar al Holoceno Inicial, 63–65. Alcoi: Recerques del Museu d’Alcoi 4 Google Scholar
Salazar-García, D.C., Power, R.C., Sanchis Serra, A., Walker, M.J. & Henry, A.G. 2013. Neanderthal diets in central and southeastern Mediterranean Iberia. Quaternary International 318, 3–18 Google Scholar
Sato, M. 1917. Blood serum of the eel. Nippon. Biseibutsugakukai Zasshi 5, 473 Google Scholar
Schmidt, E.J. 1922. The breeding places of the eel. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 211, 179–208 Google Scholar
Schwartz, J. & Tattersall, I. 2006. Foreward. In M. Teschler-Nicola (ed.), Early Modern Humans at the Moravian Gate: Mladec Caves and their Remains, xi–xiii. Vienna/New York: Springer Google Scholar
Shennan, S. 2001. Demography and cultural innovation: A model and its implications for the emergence of modern human culture. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 11, 5–16 Google Scholar
Shillito, L.M. 2013. Grains of truth or transparent blindfolds? A review of current debates in archaeological phytolith analysis. Vegetation History & Archaebotany 22, 71–82 Google Scholar
Sieveking, A. 1987. A Catalogue of Palaeolithic art in the British Museum. London: British Museum Publications Google Scholar
Simões de, Abreu & Bednarik, R. G. 2000. Fariseu rock art not archaeologically dated. Rock Art Research 17, 65–68 Google Scholar
Sinha, V.R. & Jones, J.W. 1975. The European Freshwater Eel. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press Google Scholar
Sistiaga, A., Mallol, C., Galván, B. & Summons, R.E. 2014. The Neanderthal meal: A new perspective using faecal biomarkers. PLoS ONE 9, e101045 Google Scholar
Smart, D.J.Q. 2003. Later Mesolithic Fishing Strategies and Practices in Denmark. Oxford: British Archaeological Report S1119 Google Scholar
Smith, B.D. 2007. Nice construction and the behavioural context of plant and animal domestication. Evolutionary Anthropology 16, 188–199 Google Scholar
Soffer, O., Adovasio, J.M. & Hyland, D.C. 2000a. The ‘Venus’ figurines, textile, basketry, gender, and status in the Upper Palaeolithic. Current Anthropology 41(4), 511–537 Google Scholar
Soffer, O., Adovasio, J.M., Illingworth, J.S., Amirkhanov, H.A., Prasvlov, N.D. & Street, M. 2000b. Palaeolithic Perishables made Permanent. Antiquity 74, 812–821 Google Scholar
Sommer, R. & Beneck, N. 2004. Late- and Post-Glacial history of mustelids. Mammal Review 34, 249–284 Google Scholar
Speth, J.D. 1991. Nutritional constraints and Lateglacial adaptive transformations: the importance of non-protein energy sources. In Barton et al. (eds), 1991, 169–78Google Scholar
Stachurska, A.M. 1999. Inheritance of primitive markings in horses. Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics 116, 29–38 Google Scholar
Stapert, D. & Street, M. 1997. High resolution or optimum resolution? Spatial analysis of the Federmesser site at Andernach, Germany. World Archaeology 29, 172–194 Google Scholar
Stevens, R.E., O’Connell, T.C., Hedges, R.E.M. & Street, M. 2009. Radiocarbon and stable isotope investigations at the Central Rhineland sites of Gönnersdorf and Andernach-Martinsberg, Germany. Journal of Human Evolution 57(2), 131–148 Google Scholar
Stiner, M.C. 2002. Carnivory, coevolution, and the geographic spread of the genus Homo . Journal of Archaeological Research 10, 1–63 Google Scholar
Stiner, M., Barkai, R. & Gopher, A. 2009. Cooperative hunting and meat sharing 400–200 kya at Qesem Cave, Israel. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 106(32), 13207–13212 Google Scholar
Straus, G. 1988. L’abri Dufaure et la Falaise du Pastou dans le système adaptatif régional des Pyrénées au Magdalénien. In Colloque de Chancelade, 335–43. Paris: CTHSGoogle Scholar
Street, M., Gelhausen, F., Grimm, S., Moseler, F., Niven, L., Sensburg, M., Turner, E., Wenzel, S. & Jöris, O. 2006. L’occupation du bassin de Neuwied (Rhénanie centrale, Allemagne) par les Magdaléniens et les groupes à Federmesser (aziliens). Bulletin de La Société Préhistorique Française 103(4), 753–780 Google Scholar
Svoboda, J. 2001. Mladec and other caves in the Middle Danube region: early modern humans, late Neandertals, and projectiles. In J Zilhāo, T. aubry & A.F. Carvalho (eds), Les premiers homes modernes de la Peninsule Iberique, 45–60. Lisbon: Portuguese Institute of Archaeology Press Google Scholar
Tesch, F.W. 2003. The Eel. Oxford: Blackwell (5 edn) Google Scholar
Thonicke, K., Prentice, I.C. & Hewitt, C. 2005. Modeling glacial-interglacial changes in global fire regimes and trace gas emissions. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 19, GB3008, 1–10 Google Scholar
Tsukamoto, K. & Kuroki, M. 2014. Eels and Humans. Tokyo: Springer Google Scholar
Turner, E. 2006. Results of a recent analysis of horse remains dating to the Magdalenian period at Solutre, France. In M. Mashkour (ed.), Equids in Time and Space, 70–89. Oxford: Oxbow Books Google Scholar
Tyldesley, J.A. & Bahn, P.G. 1983. Use of plants in the European Palaeolithic: A review of the evidence. Quaternary Science Reviews 2, 53–81 Google Scholar
Urban, B. & Bigga, G. 2015. Environmental reconstruction and biostratigraphy of late Middle Pleistocene lakeshore deposits at Schöningen. Journal of Human Evolution 89, 57–70 Google Scholar
Vøllestad, L. A. 1992. Geographic variation in age and length at metamorphosis of maturing European eel: environmental effects and phenotypic plasticity. Journal of Animal Ecology 61, 41–48 Google Scholar
Walker, M.J.C.. et al. 2009. Formal definition and dating of the GSSP (Global Stratotype Section and Point) for the base of the Holocene using the Greenland NGRIP ice core, and selected auxiliary records. Journal of Quaternary Science 24, 3–17 Google Scholar
Walker, M.J.C. et al. 2012. Formal subdivision of the Holocene series/epoch: A discussion paper by a working group of INTIMATE (Integration of ice-core, marine and terrestrial records) and the Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy (International Commission on Stratigraphy). Journal of Quaternary Science 24, 3–17 Google Scholar
Westbrook, C.J., Cooper, D.J. & Baker, B.W. 2011. Beaver assisted river valley formation. River Research and Applications 27, 247–256 Google Scholar
Wheeler, A. 1969. Fishes of the British Isles and North West Europe. London: Macmillan Google Scholar
Xiang, M., Alfvén, G., Blennow, M., Trygg, M. & Zetterström, R. 2000. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in human milk and brain growth during early infancy. Acta Paediatrica 89, 142–147 Google Scholar
Yoshida, M., Sone, S. & Shiomi, K. 2008. Purification and characterization of a proteinaceous toxin from the serum of Japanese eel Anguilla japonica. Protein Journal 27, 450–454 Google Scholar
Zhilin, M.G. 2014. Early Mesolithic hunting and fishing in Central Russia on wetland sites. Journal of Wetland Archaeology 14, 91–105 Google Scholar
Zubrow, E. 2010. Archaeology of equality: Magdalenian economy. In E.B.W. Zubrow, F. Audouze & J.G. Enloe (eds), The Magdalenian Household Unraveling Domesticity, 109–130. New York: SUNY Series, Institute for European and Mediterranean Archaeology Distinguished Monograph Series Google Scholar
Zvelebil, M. 2008. Innovating hunter-gatherers: The Mesolithic in the Baltic. In G. Bailey (ed.), Mesolithic Europe, 18–59. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Google Scholar