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Double Edged Blades: Re-visiting the British (and Irish) Flint Daggers

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 May 2014

Catherine J. Frieman
Catherine J. Frieman*
Affiliation:
School of Archaeology and Anthropology, Australian National University, AD Hope Building #14 Canberra, ACT 0200 Email: catherine.frieman@anu.edu.au
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Abstract

Flint daggers are a well-known and closely studied category of artefact found throughout western Europe during the final centuries of the Neolithic and the earliest phases of metal use. They are widely linked to the adoption of metal objects and metallurgy – in many cases being described as copies of metal daggers. In Britain, several hundred flint daggers have been recovered from a variety of contexts, among the best known of which are a handful of rich Beaker single inhumation burials. The British flint daggers were of great interest to early archaeologists, and were the subject of several publications in the early 20th century, most notably the seminal 1931 typochronology and catalogue by W.F. Grimes. However, despite 80 years of evolution in our understanding of the British Early Bronze Age, Beaker burials, European flint daggers, and lithic technology in general, little further attention has been accorded to the British flint daggers. This paper returns to the flint daggers deposited in British contexts. It proposes a new classification for British daggers, distinguishing between those probably produced in Britain and those brought in from elsewhere on the continent. It further examines the chaîne opératoire for these daggers based on their final form as no production locales are yet known and examines in detail the choices made in their deposition, not just in funerary contexts but on dry land and, most importantly, in wet contexts. Finally, it proposes a sequence of development for British flint daggers which links them technologically and morphologically to lanceolate Scandinavian daggers in circulation in the Netherlands. It is suggested that people in south-east Britain knowingly played up this Dutch connection in order to highlight a specific ancestral identity linking them directly to communities across the Channel.

Résumé

Lames à double tranchant: nouvelle visite des poignards en silex britanniques (et irlandais), de Catherine J. Frieman

Les poignards en silex sont une catégorie d’artefacts bien connue et minutieusement étudiée que l’on trouvait à travers toute l’Europe occidentale au cours des derniers siècles du néolithique et des premières phases de l’usage des métaux. Ils sont très liés à l’adoption des objets en métal et de la métallurgie; ils sont dans bien des cas décrits comme des copies de poignards en métal. En Grande-Bretagne, on a recouvré plusieurs centaines de poignards en silex d’une variété de contextes, parmi lesquels les plus connus sont une poignée de riches inhumations individuelles Beaker. Les poignards en silex britanniques suscitèrent un grand intérêt chez les premiers archéologues et furent l’objet de plusieurs publications au début du XXe siècle, plus notamment en 1931 avec la typochronologie et le catalogue de W.F. Grimes qui ont fait école. Cependant, malgré les 80 ans d’évolution de notre compréhension de l’âge du bronze britannique ancien, des inhumations Beaker, des poignards européens en silex et de la technologie lithique en général, on n’a accordé que peu d’attention supplémentaire aux poignards en silex britanniques. Cet article propose une nouvelle classification des poignards britanniques, faisant la distinction entre ceux probablement produits en Grande-Bretagne et ceux rapportés d’ailleurs sur le continent. On y examine de plus près la chaine opératoire de ces poignards en s’appuyant sur leur forme définitive car aucun lieu de production n’est connu à ce jour et on examine en détail les choix faits dans leur déposition, non seulement dans des contextes funéraires mais sur la terre ferme et, encore plus important, dans des contextes humides. Finalement, on propose une séquence de développement des poignards en silex britanniques qui les relie technologiquement et morphologiquement aux poignards scandinaves lancéolés qui circulaient aux Pays-Bas. On suggère que les peuples du sud-est de la Grande-Bretagne jouaient sciemment de ce lien néerlandais afin de souligner une identité ancestrale spécifique les rattachant directement aux communautés de l’autre côté de la Manche.

Zussamenfassung

Zweischneidige Klingen: Neue Überlegungen zu britischen (und irischen) Feuersteindolchen, von Catherine J. Frieman

Feuersteindolche sind eine gut bekannte und detailliert untersuchte Artefaktgruppe, die in Westeuropa in den letzten Jahrhunderten des Neolithikums und in der frühesten Phase der Metallnutzung in Gebrauch war. Sie sind im weitesten Sinne mit der Übernahme der Metallurgie und von Metallobjekten verknüpft und werden oft als Kopien von Metalldolchen angesprochen. Mehrere hundert Dolche aus Feuerstein wurden in Großbritannien aus einer Vielzahl unterschiedlicher Kontexte geborgen, wovon einige der bekanntesten aus einer Handvoll reich ausgestatteter Einzelgräber der Becherkultur stammen. Die britischen Flintdolche weckten stark das Interesse früher Archäologen und waren Gegenstand mehrerer Publikationen im frühen 20. Jahrhundert, worunter vor allem die bahnbrechende Typochronologie mit Katalog von W. F. Grimes von 1931 zu erwähnen ist. Jedoch wurde, trotz der Fortentwicklung unseres Verständnisses der britischen Frühbronzezeit, der Bestattungen der Becherkultur, der europäischen Flintdolche und der lithischen Technologie im allgemeinen, den britischen Flintdolchen wenig weitere Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt. Dieser Beitrag schlägt eine neue Klassifikation der britischen Dolche vor, wobei unterschieden wird zwischen jenen, die wahrscheinlich in Großbritannien selbst hergestellt wurden, und solchen, die aus anderen Regionen Europas eingeführt wurden. Er untersucht zudem die chaîne opératoire dieser Dolche auf der Basis ihrer endgültigen Form, da bislang keine Produktionsstätten bekannt sind, und er untersucht im Detail, welche Entscheidungen getroffen wurden bei der Wahl der Niederlegungsorte, nicht nur in Grabkontexten, sondern auch in trockenen Böden und insbesondere in Feuchtböden oder Gewässern. Schließlich schlägt dieser Beitrag eine Sequenz für die Entwicklung der britischen Flintdolche vor, die sie technologisch und morphologisch mit lanzenspitzenförmigen Dolchen aus Skandinavien verbindet, die in den Niederlanden in Umlauf waren. Es wird die Schlussfolgerung gezogen, dass Bewohner Südostbritanniens wissentlich diese niederländische Verbindung hochspielten um eine spezifische Herkunftsidentität zu betonen, die sie mit Gemeinschaften auf der anderen Seite des Ärmelkanals direkt verknüpfen sollte.

Resumen

Cuchillos de doble filo: revisando los puñales de sílex británicos (e irlandeses), por Catherine J. Frieman

Los puñales de sílex son una categoría de artefactos bien conocida y estudiada con detalle, propia de la Europa occidental de finales del Neolítico hasta los primeros usos del metal. Están ampliamente relacionados con la adopción de los objetos de metal y la metalurgia –en muchos casos se describen como copias de los cuchillos de metal. En Gran Bretaña, se han recuperado varios cientos de puñales de sílex en una gran variedad de contextos, entre los cuales las mejor conocidas son un puñado de ricas inhumaciones campaniformes individuales. Los puñales de sílex británicos fueron un tema de gran interés para los primeros arqueológos y han sido objeto de numerosas publicaciones desde principios del siglo XX, destacando la influyente tipocronología y catalogación de W.F. Grimes en 1931. Sin embargo, aún transcurridos 80 años de evolución de nuestro conocimiento sobre el Bronce Inicial británico, los enterramientos campaniformes, los puñales de sílex europeos, y la tecnología lítica en general, apenas se ha vuelto a prestar atención a los puñales de sílex británicos. Este artículo propone una nueva clasificación de los puñales británicos, distinguiendo entre aquéllos que probablemente fueron producidos en Gran Bretaña y los traídos desde el continente. Se analiza la chaîne opératoire de estos puñales basándose en su forma final ya que no se conocen sus áreas de producción y se examinan con detalle las decisiones tomadas para su depósito, no sólo en contextos funerarios, sino también en otros de tierra firme y, sobre todo, en contextos húmedos. Por último, se propone una secuencia de desarrollo para los puñales de sílex británicos que los vincula tecnológica y morfológicamente a los puñales lanceolados escandinavos que circulan en los Países Bajos. Esto sugiere que los grupos del sureste de Inglaterra intencionadamente resaltaron esta conexión holandesa con la finalidad de fortalecer una identidad ancestral específica que les vinculaba directamente con estas comunidades a través del Canal.

Keywords

Flint daggersBeaker packageBritish Early Bronze Agelithic technology
Type
Articles
Information
Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society , Volume 80 , December 2014 , pp. 33 - 65
Copyright
© The Prehistoric Society 2014 

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