Hostname: page-component-cc8bf7c57-llmch Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-11T09:46:52.010Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

‘Thuringian’ Amphorae

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 May 2014

Extract

Many branches of learning are concerned with the establishment of the earliest seats of the Indo-Europeans and with their ancient culture. An early book by Professor V. G. Childe was devoted to this theme, and these problems still hold an important position in his later works.

I have no intention of embarking here on a detailed study of the various questions involved in this theme. My main concern is a particular type of vessel, the so-called ‘Thuringian amphora’, characteristic of several groups of the Battle-Axe culture, a culture which is usually considered to be an archaeological equivalent of the early Aryans. I hope that the few comments submitted in this article will, to some extent, contribute to the settlement of the disagreements concerning the cradle of the Indo-Europeans and bring nearer their proper solution.

Type
Neolithic
Copyright
Copyright © The Prehistoric Society 1956

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

page 108 note 1 Childe, V. G., The Aryans. A Study of Indo-European Origin. London, 1926Google Scholar.

page 110 note 1 Childe, V. G., The Danube in Prehistory. Oxford, 1929, figs. 86 and 87Google Scholar; Forssander, J. E., Die schwedische Bootaxtkultur. Lund, 1930, fig. 60Google Scholar.

page 110 note 2 Åberg, N., Das nordische Kulturgebiet in Mitteleuropa während der jüngeren Steinzeit. Uppsala, 1918, p. 176Google Scholar; Kossinna, G., Die deutsche Vorgeschichte. Mannusbibliothek, vol. 9, 4th ed. Leipzig, 1925, p. 29Google Scholar; J. E. Forssander, loc. cit., p. 142; Agde, H., ‘Die ältere sächsisch-thüringische Kultur’, Mannus, vol. 28, 1936, p. 366Google Scholar.

page 110 note 3 Schuchhardt, C., Vorgeschichte von Deutschland. Berlin, 1935, p. 49 fGoogle Scholar.

page 110 note 4 Kilian, L., Haffküstenkultur und Ursprung der Balten. Bonn, 1955, pp. 15 f, 154 f, 196 ffGoogle Scholar.

page 110 note 5 Fischer, U., Vorgeschichtliche Forschungen, vol. 15, Berlin, 1956Google Scholar.

page 110 note 6 Götze, A., Die Gefässformen und Ornamente der neolithischen schnurverzierten Keramik im Flussgebiete der Saale. Jena, 1891Google Scholar; the many volumes of the Jahresschrift der sächsisch-thüringischen Länder; Schuchhardt, C., Alteuropa, 4th ed. Berlin, 1941, figs. 86, 88, pl. XXVIIGoogle Scholar; Nowothnig, W., Mannus, vol. 28 (1936), p. 423 ff.Google Scholar; Kühn, H., Die vorgeschichtliche Kunst Deutschlands. Berlin, 1935, p. 59, figs. 262, 263, 266, etc.Google Scholar; Höckner, H., Kahlke, H. D., Kretsch, H., Alt- Thüringen, vol. I. Weimar, 1955Google Scholar. Coblenz, W., Arbeits- und Forschungsberichte zur sächsischen Bodendenkmalpflege, 1952, vol. 4, Leipzig, 1954, p. 55 ffGoogle Scholar.

page 112 note 1 Stocky, A., La Bohême préhistorique, vol. I. Prague, 1929, pl. 65–80Google Scholar; Schránil, J., Die Vorgeschichte Böhmens and Märens. Berlin–Leipzig, 1928, pl. XIV, 24, 30–2Google Scholar.

page 112 note 2 Buchwaldek, M., Archeologické Rozhledy, vol. VII, Praha, 1955, p. 218 ffGoogle Scholar.

page 112 note 3 Coblenz, W., Arbeits- und Forschungsberichte zur sächsischen Bodendenkmalpflege (19501951), vol. 3, Dresden, 1952, p. 41 ffGoogle Scholar. Fig. 74 shows their geographical distribution. A. Götze, loc. cit., p. 66; Neustupny, J., Vorgeschichte der Lausitz. Berlin–Leipzig, 1951, pl. 1, 2Google Scholar.

page 112 note 4 N. Åberg, loc. cit., p. 184 ff.; J. E. Forssander, loc. cit., p. 135 ff; L. Kilian, loc. cit., p. 303; Kunkel, O., Oberhessens vorgeschichtliche Altertümer. Marburg, 1926, p. 62 ff., fig. 49Google Scholar.

page 112 note 5 Hell, M., Wiener Präh. Zft., vol. 28, 1941, p. 63 ff., fig. 1Google Scholar.

page 112 note 6 N. Åberg, loc. cit., p. 182; L. Kilian, loc. cit., p. 302.

page 112 note 7 J. E. Forssander, loc. cit., p. 142; Glob, P. V., Yngre Stenalder. København, 1952, p. 104 ff., fig. 412, 413Google Scholar; Glob, P. V., Aarbøger, 1944, p. 75 ff.Google Scholar, fig. 45.

page 112 note 8 Childe, V. G., The Dawn of European Civilization, 5th ed. London, 1950, p. 333Google Scholar.

page 112 note 9 Becker, G. J., Aarbøger, 1947, p. 59, fig. 14Google Scholar.

page 112 note 10 Zurek, J., Fontes Archaeologici Posnaniensis, Poznań, vol. IV, 1953, p. 26 f.Google Scholar; L. Kilian, loc. cit., p. 312.

page 113 note 1 Żurowski, J., Wiadomości Archeologiczne, vol. VIII, 1923, p. 98, fig. 8 cGoogle Scholar; Kozłowski, L., Młodsza epoka kamienna w Polsce (neolit). Lwów, 1924, pl. XVI, 3, 11, 13Google Scholar; Antoniewicz, W., Archeologia Polski. Warsaw, 1928, pL. X, 13Google Scholar; XI, 5; Kostrzewski, J., Prehistoria ziem polskich. Kraków, 19391948, pl. 58, 4Google Scholar.

page 113 note 2 Wiadomości Archeologiczne, Warsaw, vol. XX, 1954, p. 89, fig. 1Google Scholar.

page 113 note 3 Kozłowski, L., Zarys pradziejów Polski południowo-wschodniej. Lwów, 1939, p. 39, pl. XII, 2, 3, 7Google Scholar; J. Kostrzewski, loc. cit., pl. 58, 14.

page 113 note 4 L. Kozłowski, Młodsza epoka kamienna, pl. XXVI, 5; Tallgren, A. M., E.S.A., vol. II, 1926, p. 40, fig. 35, dGoogle Scholar.

page 113 note 5 Åyräpää, A., E.S.A., vol. VIII, 1933, pp. 111, 124, figs. 108, 124Google Scholar; Passek, T. S., Kratkie Soobshchenia IIMK, vol. XVI, 1947, pp. 34, 44, figs. 10, 3Google Scholar; 14, 4.

page 113 note 6 Rosenberg, G., Kulturströmungen in Europa zur Steinzeit. Kopenhagen, 1931, figs. 4, 357Google Scholar; Passek, T. S., ‘Periodizatsiya Tripolskikh poselenii’, Materialy i Issledovaniya, vol. 10, 1949, figs. 97, 99, 2, 3Google Scholar.

page 113 note 7 Wosinsky, M., Die inkrustierte Keramik der Stein- und Bronzezeit. Berlin, 1904, pl. LXIV, LXXXII, 7–9Google Scholar; XCIX, CVI, CXLIII, 4, 6; CXLV, 2; Schroller, H., Die Stein- und Kupferzeit Siebenbürgens. Berlin, 1933, p. 31, pl. 28, 1, a, bGoogle Scholar; Popescu, D., Die frühe und mittlere Bronzezeit in Siebenbürgen, Bucuresti, 1944, figs. 19, 2Google Scholar; 37 a, 43, 5; Mozolics, A., Wiener Präh. Zft., vol. 29, 1942, p. 30 ff., fig. 5Google Scholar; L. Kilian, loc. cit., p. 305; Menghin, M. Hoernes–O., Urgeschichte der bildenden Kunst in Europa, Wien, 1925, p. 325, fig. 1, p. 327, fig. 5, p. 405, fig. 6Google Scholar.

page 113 note 8 Kostrzewski, J., The Prehistory of Polish Pomerania. Baltic Pocket Library, Toruń, 1936, p. 36, fig. 8Google Scholar; Żurek, J., Fontes Archaeologici Posnaniensis, Poznań, vol. IV, 1953Google Scholar; L. Kilian, loc. cit. calls this culture ‘die Haffküstenkultur’.

page 113 note 9 Krivtsova–Grakova, O. A., Kr. Soobshchenia IIMK, vol. 16, 1947, p. 25, fig. III, 16Google Scholar; Briusov, A. Ya., Ocherki po istorii piemen evropeyskoy chasti SSSR v neoliticheskuyu epokhu. Moscow, 1952, p. 94, fig. 16Google Scholar.

page 114 note 1 T. S. Passek, loc. cit., figs. 67, 3; 75, 2.

page 114 note 2 Schuchhardt, C., Vorgeschichte von Deutschland, p. 98Google Scholar; Alteuropa, 4th ed., p. 181 ffGoogle Scholar.

page 114 note 3 Fuchs, S., Die griechischen Fundgruppen der frühen Bronzezeit und ihre auswärtigen Beziehungen. Berlin, 1937, p. 92 ff.Google Scholar; See also, Childe, V. G., The Dawn, 5th ed., p. 82 ff.Google Scholar; L. Kilian, loc. cit., p. 138 ff.; Milojčić, V., Germania, vol. 33, 1955, p. 151 ffGoogle Scholar.

page 114 note 4 V. G. Childe, loc. cit., p. 84 ff.

page 115 note 1 Schmidt, H., H. Schliemann's Sammlung trojanischer Altertümer. Berlin, 1902, pp. 109 f., 128, nos. 2304, 2310, 4573. etcGoogle Scholar.

page 115 note 2 Schuchhardt, C., Schliemann's Excavations. London, 1891, p. 272, fig. 279Google Scholar.

page 115 note 3 Hoernes, M., Urgeschichte der bildenden Kunst in Europa. Wien, 1898. pl. VII, 3, 9, 11Google Scholar.

page 115 note 4 Bicker, F. K., Mannus, vol. 26, 1936, p. 416 ffGoogle Scholar.

page 116 note 1 Åberg, N., Das nordische Kulturgebiet, p. 177 f.Google Scholar; Kossinna, G., Die deutsche Vorgeschichte, 4th ed., 1925, p. 29Google Scholar; Nowothnig, W., Mannus, vol. 28, 1936, p. 423 ffGoogle Scholar.

page 116 note 2 Schuchhardt, C., Alteuropa, 4th end., 1941, p. 160Google Scholar.

page 116 note 3 H. Kühn, loc. cit., 1935, p. 59 ff., fig. 262.

page 116 note 4 Schuchhardt, C., Vorgeschichte von Deutschland, p. 49 fGoogle Scholar.

page 116 note 5 Schuchhardt, C., ‘Das technische Ornament in den Anfängen der Kunst’, Präh. Zft., vol. I, 1909, pp. 37 ff., 351 ff.Google Scholar; vol. 11, 1910, pp. 145 ff.

page 117 note 1 Childe, V. G., The Dawn, 5th ed., 1950, p. 146 ffGoogle Scholar. and Prehistoric Migrations in Europe. Oslo, 1950, p. 141 ff.Google Scholar; H. Kühn, loc. cit, p. 61; Schuchhardt, C., Vorgeschichte von Deutschland, p. 54Google Scholar.

page 118 note 1 Nietsch, H., Wald und Siedlung im vorgeschichtlichen Mitteleuropa. Mannusbücherei, 64. Leipzig, 1939, p. 187 ffGoogle Scholar.

page 118 note 2 Jażdżewski, K., Kultura puharów lejkowatych w Polsce Zachodniej i środkowej. Poznań, 1936Google Scholar; Childe, V. G., The Dawn, 5th ed., 1950, p. 180 ffGoogle Scholar. and Antiquity, vol. 23, 1949, p. 129 ffCrossRefGoogle Scholar.

page 119 note 1 Childe, V. G., The Dawn, 5th ed., 1950, p. 158 ff.Google Scholar; Äyräpää, A., E.S.A., vol. VIII, 1933, p. 96 ff.Google Scholar; Krivtsova-Grakova, O. A., Kr. Soobshschenia IIMK, vol. 16, 1947, p. 22 ff.Google Scholar; A. Ya. Briusov, loc. cit., p. 91 ff. Häusler, A., Wissenschaftliche Zft der Martin Luther Universität Halle-Wittenberg, vol. v, Halle, 1956, p. 79 ffGoogle Scholar.

page 119 note 2 Kozłowski, L., Młodsza epoka kamienna w Polsce, pp. 76 ff., 82 ff.Google Scholar; A. Äyräpää, loc. cit., pp. 99 ff., 109 ff.

page 119 note 3 Only a few preliminary reports were published on these excavations: Sulimirski, T., ‘Die schnurkeramischen Kulturen und das indoeuropäische Problem’, La Pologne au 4e Congr. Intern. Historique. Warsaw, 1933Google Scholar; Idem. ‘Das Hügelgräberfeld in Komarów and die Kultur von Komarów’, Bull. Intern, de L'Académie Polonaise, Cracovie, 1936, p. 173; Idem, Sprawozdania PAU, vol. XLII, Kraków, 1937, p. 226 f. See also, Kozłowski, L., Zarys pradziejów Polski południowo-wschodniej, Lwów, 1939, p. 37 ff., pl. XII, 19–22Google Scholar.

page 119 note 4 Roska, M., ‘Beiträge zur Verbreitung der Fatianovo Kultur in Ungarn,’ Közlemenyek, vol. 11, 1942Google Scholar.

page 119 note 5 Åberg, N., Das nordische Kulturgebiet, p. 105Google Scholar.

page 119 note 6 N. Åberg, loc. cit., p. 70 ff.

page 119 note 7 S. Fuchs, loc. cit., p. 107; Childe, V. G., The Dawn, p. 83Google Scholar.

page 119 note 8 The latter might have been, however, of southern origin. See Prausnitz, W. M., 11th Annual Report. University of London Institute of Archaeology, 1955, p. 19 ffGoogle Scholar.

page 119 note 9 Excavated in 1938, unpublished.

page 120 note 1 Sulimirski, T., Baltic Countries, vol. 1, Toruń, 1935, fig. 5Google Scholar; Idem, Climate and Population. The Baltic Pocket Library. Toruń, 1935, p. 22 ff., fig. 5.

page 120 note 2 O. A. Krivtsova-Grakova, loc. cit., fig. 7, 12, 15; A. Ya. Briusov, loc. cit., p. 92, fig. 16.

page 120 note 3 N. Åberg, loc. cit., p. 183.

page 120 note 4 O. A. Krivtsova-Grakova, loc. cit., p. 33; A. Ya. Briusov, loc. cit., p. 94.

page 121 note 1 Childe, V. G., The Dawn, 5th ed., 1950, p. 150 ff.Google Scholar; Hančar, F., Urgeschichte Kaukasiens. Wien-Leipzig, 1937, p. 247 ffGoogle Scholar.

page 121 note 2 Childe, V. G., Prehistoric Migrations, p. 143 ff.Google Scholar; F. Hančar, loc. cit., p. 260 f.

page 121 note 3 Unpublished.

page 121 note 4 Fischer, U., Vorgeschichtliche Forschungen, vol. 15, Berlin, 1956, p. 111Google Scholar.

page 122 note 1 Childe, V. G., The Dawn, 5th ed., 1950, p. 146 ff., 343Google Scholar, map III. A Äyräpää, loc. cit., p. 113 ff.

page 122 note 2 Lehr-Spławiński, T., O pochodzeniu i praojezyznie Slowian. Poznań, 1948, p. 81 ff., map 111Google Scholar.

page 122 note 3 Myres, J. L., in European Civilization (Eyre, E.), vol. I. London, 1935, p. 189Google Scholar.