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Tracing the inner regions of circumstellar envelopes via high-excitation water transitions

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 November 2022

Sandra Etoka
Affiliation:
Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, The University of Manchester, M13 9PL, Manchester, United Kingdom email: Sandra.Etoka@googlemail.com
Alain Baudry
Affiliation:
Laboratoire d’astrophysique de Bordeaux, Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, B18N, allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 33615 Pessac, France
Anita M.S. Richards
Affiliation:
Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, The University of Manchester, M13 9PL, Manchester, United Kingdom email: Sandra.Etoka@googlemail.com
Malcolm D. Gray
Affiliation:
Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, The University of Manchester, M13 9PL, Manchester, United Kingdom email: Sandra.Etoka@googlemail.com
Leen Decin
Affiliation:
KU Leuven, Institute of Astronomy, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Abstract

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Water is a ubiquitous molecule in circumstellar envelopes (CSEs). Its emission has been detected at a wide range of distances from the central oxygen-rich evolved star. In particular, the water maser transition at 22 GHz, typically extending from about 5–20 stellar radii to as far as several hundred stellar radii from the star, has been commonly used to probe the structure and dynamics of the intermediate regions of the CSE where dust is condensing and the inner wind is being accelerated. The advent of ALMA has opened the door to high-angular resolution mapping of much higher excitation transitions of water, probing the inner regions of the CSEs, some of which are anticipated to exhibit maser action. The ALMA ATOMIUM large program observed many such transitions towards a sample of AGB stars & red supergiants. The preliminary results show that while some transitions depart only slightly from LTE, others clearly show signs of maser action. The Gaussian fitting of the non-diffuse/compact part of some of the (quasi) thermal & maser transitions reveal interesting velocity gradients, signatures of outflowing and infalling motions hence providing important constraints for stellar wind models.

Type
Contributed Paper
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BY
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of International Astronomical Union

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