Historically, animal experimentation had been debated utilising an ethical standard. More recently ethics has been largely displaced by an assessment using a technological standard. Technological innovation has, it has been argued, the potential to remove most of the moral issues by producing subjects who suffer less, who are genetically destined to develop certain conditions (e.g. oncomouse) or environmental innovations that allow individuals to experience less pain and distress while the experiment(s) are carried out.