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The Exercise of Public Power Over Global Health Through Public-Private Partnerships and the Question of Responsibility Under International Law

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 February 2017

Lisa Clarke
Lisa Clarke*
Affiliation:
Amsterdam Center for International Law, University of Amsterdam
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Abstract

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Type
New Voices I: Global Health, Trade, and Common Resource Regimes
Information
Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting , Volume 105 , 2011 , pp. 96 - 100
Copyright
Copyright © American Society of International Law 2011

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References

1 See Burci, Gian Luca, Public/Private Partnerships in the Public Health Sector, 6 Int’l Orgs. L. Rev. 359, 361 (2009)Google Scholar. The article describes public-private partnerships, in global health terms, as

long-term collaborative arrangements among a group of diverse stakeholders, some of which of a public nature (e.g. governmental agencies and intergovernmental organizations) and others of a private nature (e.g. non-governmental organizations, private commercial companies, research institutes, professional associations etc.) to jointly pursue a discreet public health goal.

2 G.A. Res. 56/83, Annex—Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, U.N. Doc. A/RES/56/83 (Jan. 28, 2002) [hereinafter Articles on State Responsibility]. See Clarke, Lisa, Global Health Public-Private Partnerships: Better Protecting Against Disease But Creating a Gap in Responsibility Under International Law, 20 Finnish Y.B. Int’l L. (2009)Google Scholar.

3 Rep. of the Int’l Law Comm’n, 61st sess., May 4-June 5 and July 6-Aug. 7, 2009, U.N. Doc. A/64/10; Gaor, 64* Sess., Supp. No. 10 (2009) at 13-178 [hereinafter Draft Articles]. See Clarke, Lisa, Responsibility of International Organizations Under International Law for the Acts of Global Health Public-Private Partnerships, 12(1) Chi. J. Int’l L. (forthcoming Summer 2011)Google Scholar.

4 Articles on State Responsibility, supra note 2 at art. 5 (emphasis added).

5 See Crawford, James, The International Law Commission’s Articles on State Responsibility—Introduction, Text and Commentaries 100 (2002)Google Scholar; Shaw, Malcolm N., International Law 787 (2008)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

6 Crawford, supra note 5.

7 Id. at 102.

8 Articles on State Responsibility, supra note 2 at art. 8 (emphasis added).

9 See Crawford, supra note 5, at 113.

10 Military and Paramilitary Activities in and Against Nicaragua (Nicar. v. U.S.), Merits, 1986 I.C.J. 14, para. 115 (June 27).

11 See Donor Contributions & Commitments: Latest Figures, Global Alliance for Vaccines & Immunization, www.gavialliance.org/support/donors/index.php (last visited Apr. 14, 2011); Pledges & Contributions, Global Fund to Fight Aids, Tuberculosis & Malaria, www.theglobalfund.org/en/pledges/?lang=en (last visited Apr. 14, 2011); Stop TB Partnership Annual Report 2009, Stop ТВ Partnership 56, http://www.stoptb.org/assets/ documents/resources/publications/annualreports/annual%20report%202009.pdf (last visited Apr. 14, 2011); Roll Back Malaria Partnership Financial Report—31 October 2010, Roll Back Malaria Partnership 4 (Dec. 5-8, 2010), http://www.rollbackmalaria.org/partnershipÆoard/meetings/ppt/19pbm/19pbmDay3.pdf (last visited Apr. 14, 2011).

12 See GAVI Alliance Statutes arts. 9, 15 (Oct. 29-30, 2008), http://www.gavialliance.org/resources/GAVI_Alliance_Statutes.pdf (last visited Apr. 16, 2011); Global Fund to Fight Aids, Tuberculosis & Malaria By-Laws arts. 7.1, 7.6, 7.7 (Mar. 2, 2011), http://www.theglobalfund.org/documents/core/Core_GlobalFund_Bylaws_en.pdf (last visited Apr. 16, 2011); Stop ТВ, Coordinating Board, http://www.stoptb.org/about/cb/ (last visited Apr. 16,2011); Rbm Partnership By-Laws arts. 3.1,6.2,6.3 (Nov. 26,2010), http://www.rollbackmalaria.org/ partnership/secretariat/docs/rbm_bylaws.pdf (last visited Apr. 16, 2011).

13 Nicaragua, supra note 10, at para. 115.

14 Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosn. & Herz. v. Serb. & Montenegro), Judgment, 2007 I.C.J. 1, para. 400 (Feb. 26).

15 See Prosecutor v. Tadić, Case No. It-94-1-A, Appeals Chamber Judgment, paras. 117, 120, 137 (Int’l Crim. Trib. for the Former Yugoslavia July 15, 1999).

16 Draft Articles, supra note 3, art. 5(1), at 21.

17 Id., art. 2, at 20.

18 Reparation for Injuries Suffered in the Service of the United Nations, Advisory Opinion, 1949 I.C.J. 179, 177 (Apr. 11) (emphasis added).

19 Constitution of the World Health Organization, Basic Documents, Forty-fifth edition, Supp., Oct. 2006, art. 2.

20 GAVI, The World Health Organization (WHO), http://www.gavialliance.org/about/in_partnership/who/index.php (last visited Apr. 14,2011); Global Fund, Board Members, http://www.theglobalfund.org/en/board/members/?lang=en (last visited Apr. 14, 2011); Global Fund, Development Partners, http://www.theglobalfund.org/en/develop-mentpartners/?lang=en (last visited Apr. 14, 2011).

21 See Draft Articles, supra note 3 at 61-62; Seventh Rep. On the Responsibility of International Organizations 8, Int’l Law Comm’n, U.N. Doc. A/CN.4/610 (Mar. 27, 2009) (by Giorgio Gaja); Klein, Pierre, The Attribution of Acts to International Organizations, in the Law of International Responsibility 297, 298-99 (Crawford, James, Pellet, Alain & Olleson, Simon eds., 2010)Google Scholar.

22 Stop TB, About Us, http://www.stoptb.org/about/ (last visited Apr. 14, 2011); Stop TB Partnership Secretariat, Basic Framework for the Global Partnership to Stop TB, 13, http://www.stoptb.org/assets/documents/about/STBBasicFramework.pdf (last visited Apr. 14, 2011); Stop TB Partnership, Request for Proposals, Independent Evaluation of the Global Stop TB Partnership 15 (Mar. 20,2007), http://www.stoptb.org/assets/documents/news/announcements/Rfp20Mar.pdf (last visited Apr. 14, 2011); RBM, Memorandum of Understanding Between the Roll Back Malaria Partnership and the World Health Organization Concerning Hosting, Secretariat and Administrative Services preamble, arts. 2.1, 2.2, 2.6, 3.2, 3.8, 7 (Dec. 15, 2006), http://www.rollbackmalaria.org/docs/MoU.pdf (last visited Apr. 14, 2011).

23 Supra note 21.