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Area-Based Management Tools, Including Marine Protected Areas

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 March 2018

Penelope Nevill
Penelope Nevill*
Affiliation:
Barrister, 20 Essex Street; Visiting Lecturer, King's College, London.
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Area based management tools (ABMTs) such as marine protected areas (MPAs) are recognized by scientists and the international community as essential to promote the conservation and management of oceans and fisheries. They have been shown to enhance population resilience to climate-driven disturbance. In 2005 the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity 1992 adopted a target MPA coverage of 10 percent of coastal and marine areas by 2012. In 2010 it extended the target deadline to 2020. By then the global MPA coverage was just over 1 percent. Recent statistics are more encouraging, if only slightly: a UNEP report released in November 2014 found that 3.4 percent of the global ocean is now protected. In any event 10 percent is not enough. A recent review of the scientific literature suggests that the figure needs to be 30 percent.

Type
Regulating the Global Commons: The BBNJ Negotiations and Ocean Spaces Beyond National Jurisdiction
Information
Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting , Volume 111 , 2017 , pp. 247 - 251
Copyright
Copyright © by The American Society of International Law 2018 

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References

1 United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), Report on the State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2016 5–6 (2016).

2 UNESCO, Facts and Figures on Marine Biodiversity, available at http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/ioc-oceans/focus-areas/rio-20-ocean/blueprint-for-the-future-we-want/marine-biodiversity/facts-and-figures-on-marine-biodiversity/ (visited June 26, 2017).

3 Id.

4 International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), Submission Following the Second Session of the Prep-Com 9–10 (Dec. 5, 2016), available at http://www.un.org/depts/los/biodiversity/prepcom_files/rolling_comp/IUCN.pdf.

5 FAO 2016, supra note 1, at 132.

6 UNESCO, supra note 2, at 14.

7 Editorial, Shed a Tear for the Reefs, N.Y. Times (Mar. 8, 2017), available at https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/18/opinion/shed-a-tear-for-the-reefs.html?_r=0 (referring to Hughes, Terry et al. , Global Warming and Recurrent Mass Bleaching of Corals, 543 Nature 373 (March 16, 2017)CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.

8 Roger Bradbury, A World Without Coral Reefs, N.Y. Times (July 13, 2012), available at http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/14/opinion/a-world-without-coral-reefs.html?_r=0.

9 Johannesburg Plan of Implementation, 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development; United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), Report on the State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2012 164–65 (2012).

10 IUCN, Explaining Ocean Warming: Causes, Scale, Effects and Consequences 249 (September 2016).

11 FAO 2012, supra note 9, at 11.

12 UN Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre, New UNEP Report Unveils World on Track to Meet 2020 Target for Protected Areas on Land and Sea (Nov. 13, 2014), at http://www.unep-wcmc.org/news/new-unep-report-unveils-world-on-track-to-meet-2020-target-for-protected-areas-on-land-and-sea.

13 The Pew Charitable Trusts, Protecting 30 Percent of the Ocean Brings Multiple Benefits, at http://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/analysis/2016/03/21/protecting-30-percent-of-the-ocean-brings-multiple-benefits (referring to Bethan C. O'Leary, Marit Winther-Janson, John M. Bainbridge, Jemma Aitken, Julie P. Hawkins & Callum M. Roberts, Effective Coverage Targets for Ocean Protection, 9 Conservation Letters 398 (November/December 2016).

14 IUCN, Guidelines for Applying Protected Area Management Categories 8 (Dudley, Nigel ed., 2008)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

15 Guidelines for Applying the IUCN Protected Area Management Categories to Marine Protected Areas (Supplementary to the 2008 Guidelines), Second Draft (June 2011), available at http://iucn.org/about/work/programmes/marine/marine_our_work/marine_MPAs/?8857/PAmanagementcategoriesforMPAs.

16 UNEP lists regional seas programs in eighteen areas on its website.

17 There are approximately seventeen RMFOs.

18 These are the Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR), The Antarctic Treaty and its Madrid Environment Protocol, the OSPAR Convention, and the Noumea Convention.

19 See, e.g., Scott, K., Conservation on the High Seas: Developing the Concept of High Seas Marine Protected Areas, 27 Int'l J. Marine & Coastal L. 849 (2012)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Ribiero, C., The ‘Rainbow’: The First National Marine Protected Area Proposed Under the High Seas, 27 Int'l J. Marine & Coastal L. 183 (2010)Google Scholar; Tanaka, Yoshifumi, Reflections on High Seas Marine Protected Areas: A Comparative Analysis of the Mediterranean and the North-East Atlantic Models, 81 Nordic J. Int'l L. 295 (2012)Google Scholar.

20 Scott, supra note 19, 853.

21 Id.

22 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Marine Protected Areas in the High Seas, at http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/16204/en (visited June 26, 2017).

23 25 Earth Negot. Bull. (IISD) No. 125, 1–2; 25 Earth Negot. Bull. (IISD) No. 128, 2.

24 United States. 25 Earth Negot. Bull. (IISD) No. 125, 2.

25 Japan. Id. Canada also opposed a global oversight function. 25 Earth Negot. Bull. (IISD) No. 122, 1. Norway considered that making regional bodies accountable to a supranational mechanism could be seen as undermining them. 25 Earth Negot. Bull. (IISD) No. 125, 2.

26 The IUCN and the High Seas Alliance. 25 Earth Negot. Bull. (IISD) No. 125, 2.

27 25 Earth Negot. Bull. (IISD) No. 129, 6.

28 See, e.g., IUCN, Guidelines for Marine Protected Areas xi, xii, xxiii, 9, ch. 4 (G. Kelleher ed., 1999).

29 25 Earth Negot. Bull. (IISD) No. 125, 2.

30 To which it might be added, should any decision-making body include representatives from the relevant RMFOs and regional seas bodies alongside contracting parties?

31 25 Earth Negot. Bull. (IISD) No. 122, 1.

32 25 Earth Negot. Bull. (IISD) No. 122, 2.

33 25 Earth Negot. Bull. (IISD) No. 129, 13.

34 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, International Plan of Action to Prevent, Deter, and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing (2001), available at http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/y1224e/y1224e00.htm#IMPLEMENTATION.

35 25 Earth Negot. Bull. (IISD) No. 122, 2.

36 Recommended by the FAO's 2001 plan of action, supra note 34.

37 “Volga” (Russian Federation v. Australia), Case No. 11, Prompt Release, Judgment, ITLOS Reports 2002, 10.

38 Recommended by the FAO's 2001 plan of action, supra note 34.

39 25 Earth Negot. Bull. (IISD) No. 126, 2.