There is in the Acropolis Museum at Athens a battered and mutilated fragment of the head of a woman, which has twice been published as part of the Parthenon sculptures (Pls. I. and II.). The remains of its fine surface and dark brown patina, resembling those which one finds in the Helios of the East pediment and other of the pediment figures, have, together with its high quality, allowed its claim to belong to that building to pass unquestioned. But it has no connection with the Parthenon, for its scale is too large for the metopes and too small for the pediments. It must, then, be judged and assigned to a school by other means.

This paper is the result of testing the following proposition, formed during a study of the City Wall of Rome. It was required to prove that the Praetorian Camp had remained unchanged after Seianus built it in A.D. 23 until Aurelian made an addition to its walls when he attached them to his City Wall in A.D. 271. Thus might have been gained with ease an undoubted example of Aurelianic brick-facing for use in identifying work of the same period in the much altered City Wall. But the problem proved complex. Eventually Aurelian's work appeared in an unexpected guise, but not before three previous sets of alterations in the defences of the fortress had been recognised. And these seem worth description, not only as aids to under standing Aurelian's work, nor even because they also link us with Roman accounts of the Praetorians, but because they give elevational views of a Roman fortress such as have rarely survived in full detail to our own times.

The early history of the Augusteo, as the Mausoleum of Augustus is now called, wins little space in contemporary literature. Among classical writers first Strabo and then Suetonius tell us that Augustus built for himself and his family, between the Via Flaminia and the Tiber, this huge circular tumulus, crowned with evergreens, surmounted by his own effigy in bronze, and retained by a lofty base of white stone. And these accounts supplement one another in detail, Suetonius noting that the work was done in 28 B.C, and thereby causing one to wonder whether Antony's fate and the conspiracy of Lepidus set Augustus about building his own last resting-place; while Strabo mentions that anustrinum of similar stone, with an iron railing in a circle round it, stood not far away. The building was ready by 23 B.C, when Vergil spoke 4 of it as new. Many people— we know of fourteen great ones— lay within; but the last Emperor to be buried there was Nerva, and then the tomb, entrusted to a procurator's care, was only opened for a short time to house, in the part allotted to Lucius and Gaius, the remains of Julia Domna. In the fourth century it found a place in the list of City monuments, and Ammianus Marcellinus pauses to state that two obelisks in front of it were later additions. After that classical history tells no more of the building or of its fate.