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Towards Codified Dutch Private International Law!

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 May 2009

Maurice V. Polak
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Extract

The concept ‘codification’ can be understood in many senses. In this article ‘codification’ indicates a legislative product in which a specific, discrete area of law is regulated as comprehensively as possible.

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Netherlands International Law Review , Volume 38 , Issue 3 , December 1991 , pp. 312 - 345
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Copyright © T.M.C. Asser Press 1991

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References

1. Commission Internationale de l'Etat Civil, Conventions et Recommendations (1956–1987) p. 49Google Scholar.

2. Cf., Verheul, J.P. and Feteris, M.W.C., Rechtsmacht in het Nederlandse Internationaal Privaatrecht, deel 2: overige verdragen; het commune I.P.R. (1986) pp. 153–154Google Scholar.

3. Directives for the changing of surnames (Richtlijnen voor geslachtsnaamswijziging), Stc. 9 December 1976, no. 240, as amended by Stc. 9 May 1980, no. 89.

4. See Commission Internationale de l'Etat Civil, op. cit n. 1, p. 254Google Scholar.

5. Act of 3 July 1989, Stb. No. 288, on the regulation of the conflict of laws on surnames and names, in connection with the ratification of the Convention of 5 September 1980 on die Law Applicable to Surnames and Names (Conflict of Laws (Names) Act) (Wet van 3 juli 1989, Stb. 288, tot regeling van het conflictenrecht inzake de geslachtsnaam en de voomaam, mede in verband met de bekrachtiging van de Over eenkomst van München van 5 September 1980 inzake het rechtdat van toepassing is op geslachtsnamen en voornamen (Trb. 1981,72) (Wet conflictenrecht namen)).

6. HR 24 November 1916, NJ 1917, 5.

7. Cf., Verheul, and Feteris, , op. cit n. 2, pp. 119–125Google Scholar.

8. Recueil des Conventions de la Conférence de La Haye (1951–1988) p. 242.

9. Act of 7 September 1989, Stb. 1989 No. 392, containing rules on the conflict of laws in respect of marriage, in connection with the ratification of the Hague Convention of 14 March 1978 on the Celebration and Recognition of die Validity of Marriages (Conflict of Laws (Marriages) Act) (Wet van 7 September 1989, Stb. 1989, 392, houdende regeling van het conflictenrecht inzake het huwelijk, in verband met de bekrachtiging van het Verdrag van's-Gravenhage van 14 maart 1978 inzake de voltrekking en de erkenning van de geldigheid van huwelijken (Trb. 1987,137) (wet conflictenrecht huwelijk)).

10. 199 Parry's TS p. 17.

11. See, far example, Hof Arnhem 1 October 1986, NJ 1988,52; Hof Arnhem 21 April 1987, NIPR 1987, 423; Rb.'s-Gravenhage lO June 1987. NIPR 1987, 429; Hof Leeuwarden 23 November 1988, NJ 1990, 269; Hof Amsterdam 2 March 1989, NJ 1990, 270.

12. Cf., Polak, M.V., ‘Titel 6 Boek 1 B.W. en het internationaal privaatrecht’, 5890 WPNR (1988)Google Scholar.

13. HR 13 January 1989, NJ 1990, 268 (JCS).

14. See Verheul, and Feteris, , op. cit. n. 2, pp. 125–126Google Scholar.

15. Bill containing conflict rules on the legal relationship between spouses and their property relationship insofar as not covered by a matrimonial property regime (Conflict of Laws (Matrimonial Relationships) Bill) (Wet houdende regeling van het conflictenrecht inzake de persoonlijke betrekkingen tussen de echtgenoten en de tussen hen bestaande vermogensrechtelijke betrekkingen die nietvallen onder het huwelijksvermogensregime (Wet conflictenrecht huwelijksbetrekkingen)), Bijl. Hand. H 1989/1990–21328, nos. 1–3.

16. See, for example, Hensen, C.A.L.F.M., ‘Het voorstel voor een Wet conflictenrecht huwelijksbetrekkingen’, 5948 WPNR (1990)Google Scholar.

17. HR 24 November 1916, NJ 1917, 5.

18. See Verheul, and Feteris, , op. cit. n. 2, pp. 126–128Google Scholar.

19. Ibid. pp. 128–129.

20. Ibid. p. 130.

21. Ibid. p. 131.

22. HR 27 March 1981, NJ 1981, 335 (JCS).

23. HR 10 December 1976, NJ 1977, 275 (JCS), AA 26 (1977) p. 195 (HUJd'O).

24. HR 7 April 1989, NJ 1990, 347 (JCS), AA 38 (1989) p. 788 CThMdB).

25. Recueil des Conventions, op. cit. n. 8, p. 228.

26. Bill approving the Convention, signed on 14 March 1978 at The Hague, on the Law Applicable to Matrimonial Property Regimes (Wet goedkeuring van net op 14 maart 1978 te's Gravenhage tot stand gekomen Verdrag intake net recht dat van toepassing is op net huwelijksvermogensregime), BijL Hand. II. 1988/1989 — 21272 (R 1378), nos. 1–3; Bill to regulate conflict rules with respect to matrimonial property regimes and me property relationships of me spouses with third parties, in connection with the Convention signed in The Hague on 14 March 1978 on the Law Applicable to Matrimonial Property Regimes (Conflict of Laws (Matrimonial Property Regimes) Bill) (Wet tot regeling van het conflictenrecht intake net huwelijksvermogensregime en de vermogensrechtelijke betrekkingen van de echtgenoten ten opzichten van derden, mede in verband met de bekrachtiging van het op 14 maart tot stand gekomen Verdrag inzake het recht dot van toepassing is op het huwelijksvermogensregime (Trb. 1988 130) (Wet conflictenrecht huwelijksvermogensregime)), Bijl. Hand. H1988–/1989 — 21273, nos. 1–3.

27. Convention concluded between the Netherlands and Belgium, concerning Territorial Jurisdiction, Bankruptcy and the Authority and Execution of Judgments, Arbitral Awards and Notarial Acts, Brussels, 25 03 1925, 93 LNTS p. 431Google Scholar; Convention between the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Republic of Italy on the Recognition and Enforcement of Judicial Decisions in Civil and Commercial Matters, Rome, 17 04 1959, 474 UNTS p. 207Google Scholar; Treaty between the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Federal Republic of Germany concerning the Reciprocal Recognition and Enforcement of Judicial Decisions and Other Executory Instruments in Civil and Commercial Matters, The Hague, 30 08 1962, 547 UNTS p. 173Google Scholar.

28. The decisive question is whether the judgment is an adjudication of the existing rights between the parties or an order imposing a sanction upon one of the parties. See Strikwerda, L., Inleiding tot her Nederlandse internationaal privaatrecht, 2nd edn. (1990) pp. 256–260Google Scholar.

29. Act of 25 March 1981, Stb. No. 166, containing conflict of laws provisions on the dissolution of marriage and judicial separation and the recognition of such orders, in connection with the ratification of the Conventions of Luxembourg and The Hague on the Recognition of Decisions concerning the Marital Bond, and die Recognition of Divorces and Judicial Separations respectively (Wet van 25 maart 1981, Stb. 166, houdende regeling van net conflictenrecht inzake ontbinding van net huwelijk en scheiding van tafel en bed en de erkenning daarvan, in verband met de bekrachtiging van de Verdragen van Luxemburg en's-Gravenhage inzake erkenning van beslissingen betreffende de huwelijksband, onderscheidenlijk de erkenning van echtscheidingen en scheidingen van tafel en bed).

30. HR 15 April 1983, NJ 1983, 698 (JCS); HR 21 October 1983, NJ 1984, 204; HR 11 May 1984, NJ 1985, 584; HR 25 November 1988, NJ 1989, 421 (JCS).

31. Convention on the Recognition of Decisions concerning the Marital Bond, Luxembourg, 8 09 1967Google Scholar, Commission Internationale de l'Etat Civil, op. cit. n. 1, p. 92Google Scholar; Convention on the Recognition of Divorces and Judicial Separations, The Hague, 1 06 1970, 978 UNTS p. 393Google Scholar.

32. HR 31 October 1986, NJ 1987, 924 (JCS).

33. See Verheul, and Feteris, , op. cit n. 2, pp. 156–157Google Scholar.

34. Commission Internationale de l'Etat Civil, op. cit n. 1, p. 59Google Scholar.

35. Commission Internationale de l'Etat Civil, op. cit n. 1, p. 110.Google Scholar

36. See, as an exception, HR 29 November 1985, NJ 1987, 204 (JCS).

37. See Strikwerda, , op. cit. n. 28, pp. 119–123Google Scholar.

38. Commission Internationale de l'Etat Civil, op. cit n. 1, p. 229Google Scholar.

39. HR 18 April 1986, NJ 1987, 926 (JCS).

40. Recueil des Conventions, op. cit. n. 8, p. 64.

41. See Verheul, and Feteris, , op. cit. n. 2, pp. 137–139Google Scholar.

42. See van Rooij, R. and Polak, M.V., Private International Law in the Netherlands (1987) p. 208Google Scholar.

43. HR 11 April 1980, NJ 1980, 364 (JCS).

44. HR 12 December 1986, NJ 1988, 188 (EAA).

45. Cf., Strikwerda, , op. cit n. 28, p. 123Google Scholar.

46. Ibid. ; Rooij, Van and Polak, , op. cit. n. 42, pp. 83–84Google Scholar.

47. HR 1 May 1963, NJ 1964, 287 (DJV). Cf., also, Strikwerda, , op. cit n. 28, pp. 107–108Google Scholar.

48. Cf., e.g., Rechtbank's-Gravenhage 28 December 1982, NTPR 1983, 185.

49. Hof Arnhem 1 October 1986, NJ 1988, 52; Hof Arnhem 21 April 1987, NIPR 1987, 423; Rechtbank ‘s-Gravenhage 10 June 1987, NIPR 1987, 429; Hof Leeuwarden 23 November 1988, NJ 1990, 269; Hof Amsterdam 2 March 1989, NJ 1990, 270.

50. 658 UNTS p. 143.

51. Cf., Strikwerda, , op. cit. n. 28, p. 128Google Scholar.

52. HR 12 December 1980, NJ 1981, 454 (JCS); HR 18 December 1988, NJ 1988, 830 (JCS).

53. European Convention on Recognition and Enforcement of Decisions concerning Custody of Children and on Restoration of Custody of Children, Luxembourg, 20 05 1980Google Scholar, 4 European Conventions and Agreements (1975–1982) p. 211Google Scholar; Convention on the Civil Aspects of Child Abduction, The Hague, 25 10 1980Google Scholar, Recueil des Conventions, op. cit. n. 8, p. 264.

54. Act of 2 May 1990, Stb. No. 201, approving the European Convention of 20 May 1980, Luxembourg, on Recognition and Enforcement of Decisions concerning Custody of Children and on Restoration of Custody of Children (Trb. 1981 No. 10), as well as approval of the Convention of 25 October 1980, The Hague, on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction (Trb. 1987 No. 139) (Rijkswet van 2 mei 1990, Stb. 201, tot goedkewing van het op 20 mei te Luxemburg tot stand gekomen Ewopese Verdrag betreffende de erkenning en de tenuitvoerlegging van beslissingen inzake het gezag over kinderen en betreffende het herstel van het gezag over kinderen (Trb. 1981, 10), alsmede goedkewing van het op 25 oktober te's-Gravenhage tot stand gekomen Verdrag inzake de burgerrechtelijke aspecten van internationale ontvoering van kinderen (Trb. 1987,139)); Act of 2 May 1990, Stb. No. 202, containing: implementation of the Convention of 20 May 1980, Luxembourg, on Recognition and Enforcement of Decisions concerning Custody of Children and on Restoration of Custody of Children; implementation of the Convention of 25 October 1980, The Hague, on die Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction; together with general provisions concerned with requests to return abducted children across the Dutch border and the enforcement of such provisions (Wet van 2 mei 1990, Stb. 202, houdende uitvoering van het op 20 mei 1980 te Luxemburg tot stand gekomen Ewopese Verdrag betreffende de erkenning en de tenuitvoerlegging van beslissingen inzake het gezag over kinderen en betreffende het herstel van het gezag over kinderen, uitvoering van het op 25 oktober 1980 te's-Gravenhage totstandgekomen Verdrag inzake de burgerrechtelijke aspecten van de Internationale ontvoering van kinderen alsmede algemene bepalingen met betrekking tot verzoeken tot teruggeleiding van ontvoerde kinderen over de Nederlandse grens en de uitvoering daarvan).

55. 199 Patty's TS p. 12.

56. Cf., Verheul, and Feteris, , op. cit. a 2, pp. 145–146Google Scholar.

57. Cf., Boele-Woelki, K., ‘lets over internationale curatele’, NIPR (1986) p. 482Google Scholar.

58. HR 24 November 1916, NJ 1917, 5.

59. Cf., Verheul, J.P., Rechtsmacht in net Nederlandse Internationaal Privaatrecht, deel 1: het EEG Bevoegdheid- en Executieverdrag (1982) pp. 42–46Google Scholar.

60. Convention on Jurisdiction and the Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters, Lugano, 16 09 1988, 33 OJ EC (No. C189) 57 (1990)Google Scholar. Cf., also the letter from the Minister for Foreign Affairs of 1 September 1989, Bijl. Hand, II 1988/1989 — 21293 (R1379), no. 1.

61. HR 2 November 1984, NJ 1985, 697 (JCS).

62. Convention on the Law Applicable to Maintenance Obligations, The Hague, 2 10 1973, 1056 UNTS p. 199Google Scholar ; Convention on the Law Applicable to Maintenance Obligations towards Children, The Hague, 24 10 1956, 510 UNTS p. 161Google Scholar.

63. Convention concerning the Recognition and Enforcement of Decisions relating to Maintenance Obligations towards Children, The Hague, 15 04 1958, 539 UNTS p. 27Google Scholar ; Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Decisions relating to Maintenance Obligations, The Hague, 2 10 1973, 1021 UNTS p. 209Google Scholar.

64. HR 29 January 1988, NJ 1988, 831 (JCS); HR 5 January 1990, NJ 1991, 591 (JCS). Cf., also Stein, H., ‘Samenloop van executieverdragen’, in Offerhauskring vijfentwintig jaar (1987) p. 185Google Scholar.

65. Cf., Verheul, and Feteris, , op. cit. n. 2, pp. 163–174Google Scholar.

66. HR 26 October 1984, NJ 1985, 696 (JCS).

67. HR 8 January 1943, NJ 1943, 202; HR 21 March 1947, NJ 1947, 382 (EMM).

68. Cf., Rooij, Van and Polak, , op. cit n. 42, pp. 230–231Google Scholar. Cf., similarly, HR 16 March 1990, NJ 1991, 575 (JCS), AA 39 (1990) p. 556 (ThMdB).

69. Recueil des Conventions, op. cit. n. 8, p. 340.

70. 510 UNTS p. 175.

71. Cf., supra n. 60.

72. HR 24 December 1915, NJ 1916, 417; HR 12 May 1916, NJ 1916, 728; HR 15 January 1920, NJ 1920, 181; HR 10 January 1924, NJ 1924, 281; HR 8 February 1932, NJ 1932, 934; HR 20 January 1939, NJ 1939, 569 (PS); HR 8 June 1940, NJ 1940, 959 (EMM); HR 5 December 1940, NJ 1941, 312 (EMM); HR 26 October 1984, NJ 1985, 696 (JCS); HR 2 November 1984, NJ 1985, 697 (JCS).

73. See, by way of exception, HR 26 October 1984, NJ 1985, 696 (JCS).

74. HR 1 February 1985, NJ 1985, 698 (JCS); HR 28 October 1988, NJ 1989, 765 (JCS), AA 38 (1989) p. 206 (ThMdB).

75. Convention between Belgium and the Netherlands concerning Territorial Jurisdiction, Bankruptcy, and the Authority and Execution of Judgments, Arbitral Awards and Notarial Acts, Brussels, 25 03 1925, 93 LNTS p. 431Google Scholar; Convention between the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Republic of Italy on the Recognition and Enforcement of Judicial Decisions in Civil and Commercial Matters, Rome, 17 04 1959, 474 UNTS p. 207Google Scholar; Treaty between the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Federal Republic of Germany concerning the Reciprocal Recognition and Enforcement of Judicial Decisions and Other Executory Instruments in Civil and Commercial Matters, The Hague, 30 08 1962, 547 UNTS p. 173Google Scholar; Treaty between the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Republic of Austria concerning the Reciprocal Recognition and Enforcement of Judicial Decisions and Authentic Acts in the Sphere of Civil and Commercial Law, The Hague, 6 02 1963, 570 UNTS p. 101Google Scholar; Convention between the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland providing for the Reciprocal Recognition and Enforcement of Judgments in Civil Matters, The Hague, 17 11 1967, 699 UNTS p. 11Google Scholar; Convention between the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Republic of Surinam on the Reciprocal Recognition and Enforcement of Judicial Decisions and Authentic Acts in Civil Matters, The Hague, 27 08 1976, Trb. 1976 No. 144Google Scholar.

76. Recueil des Conventions, op. cit. n. 8, p. 106.

77. HR 24 November 1916, NJ 1917, 5.

78. HR 14 November 1924, NJ 1925, 91; HR 20 March 1931, NJ 1931, 890 (PS); HR 24 June 1932, NJ 1932, 1262 (EMM); HR 1 April 1938, NJ 1938, 989 (PS); HR 20 March 1970, NJ 1971, 275 (WIXJL).

79. Cf., Verheul, J.P., Erkenning en tenuitvoerlegging van vreemde vonnissen (1989) pp. 24–60Google Scholar.

80. Cf. Strikwerda, , op. cit. n. 28, p. 155Google Scholar; Rooij, Van and Polak, , op. cit n. 42, pp. 157–158Google Scholar.

81. Bill containing some private international law provisions concerning the law of the sea and inland shipping (Wet houdende enige bepalingen van internationaalprivaatrecht met betrekking tot bet zeerecht en het binnenvaartrecht), Bijl. Hand, II 1988/1989 — 20154, nos. 1–3.

82. Cf., Strikwerda, , op. cit. n. 28, p. 160Google Scholar; Rooij, Van and Polak, , op. cit n. 42, pp. 158–159Google Scholar.

83. Cf., Polak, M.V., ‘Zakelijke zekerheidsrechten in het internationaal handelsverkeer’,… WPNR (1991) (forthcoming)Google Scholar.

84. Cf., for example, Hof's-Gravenhage, 28 April 1978, NT 1981, 16 (JCS).

85. HR 19 Fehruary 1971, NJ 1971, 299 (WLGL); HR 27 October 1972, NJ 1973, 121 (HB); HR 6 April 1973, NJ 1973, 371 (HB); HR 6 June 1973, NJ 1973, 400 (HB).

86. Cf., van Loon, J.H.A. and Polak, M.V., ‘Ovenzicht der Nederlandse Rechtspraak. International Privaatrecht Overeenkomstenrecht (1980–1986)’, 5820–5821 WPNR (1987)Google Scholar.

87. Act of 31 January 1991, Stb. No. 53, containing approval of the Convention of 19 June 1980, Rome, on the Law Applicable to Contractual Obligations, together with the Protocol and die Joint Declarations, 23 OJ EC (No. L. 266) 1 (1980) (Wet houdende goedkeuring van net op 19 juni 1980 te Rome tot stand gekomen Verdrag inzake het recht dat van toepassing is op verbintenissen uit overeenkomst, met Protocol en Gemeenschappelijk Verklaringen (Trb. 1980156)).

88. Cf., supra n. 81.

89. Recueil des Conventions, op. cit. n. 8, p. 326.

90. Pie-draft of a Convention on the Law Applicable to Contractual and Non-contractual Obligations, 5268 WPNR (1974).

91. Cf., Strikwerda, , op. cit n. 28, pp. 179–184Google Scholar.

92. Convention on the Law Applicable to Traffic Accidents, The Hague, 4 05 1971, 965 UNTS p. 411Google Scholar; Convention on the Law Applicable to Products Liability, The Hague, 2 10 1973, 1056 UNTS p. 187Google Scholar.

93. Cf., supra n. 81.

94. Cf., de Boer, Th.M., ‘Overzicht der Nederlandse Rechtspraak. Intemationaal Privaatrecht Overgang van vorderingen (1979–1986)’, 5833 WPNR (1987)Google Scholar.

95. HR 6 April 1973, NJ 1973, 371 (HB).

96. Recueil des Conventions, op. cit n. 8, p. 252.

97. Bill approving the Convention of 14 March 1978, The Hague, on the Law Applicable to Agency (Rijkswet houdende goedkeuring van net op 14 maart 1978 te's-Gravenhage tot stand gekomen Verdrag betreffende het toepasselijk recht op vertegenwoordiging (Trb. 1987, 138), BijL Hand. II 1988/1989 — 21029 (R 1362), nos. 1–.

98. Convention far the Settlement of Certain Conflicts of Laws in connection with Bills of Exchange and Promissory Notes, Geneva, 7 06 1930, 143 LNTS p. 317Google Scholar; Convention for die Settlement of certain Conflicts of Laws in connection with Cheques, Geneva, 19 03 1931, 143 LNTS p. 407Google Scholar.

99. Act of 25 July 19S9, Stb. 1959 No. 256, implementing the Convention of 1 June 1956, The Hague, concerning the Recognition of the Legal Personality of Foreign Companies, Associations and Foundations (Wet van 25 juli 1959, Stb. 256, tot uitvoering van hetopl juni 1956 te's-Gravenhage gesloten Verdrag nopens de erkenning van de rechtspersoonlijkheidvan vreemde vennootschappen, verenigingen en stichtingen).

100. HR 11 November 1988, NJ 1989, 606 (Ma).

101. HR 2 April 1942, NJ 1942, 468.

102. See, in general, Strikwerda, , op. cit. n. 28, pp. 58–91Google Scholar.

103. Ibid. pp. 92–104.

104. It should be noted that van Rijn van Alkemade, J., ‘La Codification du droit international privé des Pays-Bas’, in L'unificazione del diritto internazionale privato e processuale, Studi in memoria di Mario Giuliano (1989) p. 983Google Scholar, notes a lack of up-to-date textbooks on Dutch private international law.

105. Cf., in this sense de Boer, Th.M., Vast en zeker? De betrekkelijke waarde van een iprcodificatie (1988) pp. 11–18Google Scholar.

106. In the explanatory notes attached to the budget of the Ministry of Justice for 1987, Bijl Hand. II 1986/1987 — 19700 chapter VI, no. 2, p. 23 a ‘working paper of a Bill laying down, as exhaustively as possible, the provisions of private international law’ is mentioned, but this working paper is not yet published.

107. Cf., d'Oliveira, H.U. Jessurun, ‘Codification et Unification du Droit International Privé. Problems de Coexistence’, in Hondius, E.H. et al. , eds., Unification and Comparative Law in Theory and Practice. Contributions in Honour of Jean Georges Sauveplanne (1984) p. 129Google Scholar; Dubbink, C.W., ‘Boekbeschouwing van Th.M de Boer, Vast en zeker? De betrekkelijke waarde van een iprcodificatie’, RM Themis (1989) p. 345Google Scholar.

108. HR 23 October 1987, NJ 1988, 842 (JCS), SMA 43 (1988) p. 331 (MVP).

109. HR 13 January 1989, NJ 1990, 268 (JCS).

110. HR 10 December 1976, NJ 1977, 275 (JCS), AA 26 (1977) p. 195 (HUJd'O); HR 7 April 1989, NJ 1990, 347 (JCS), AA 38 (1989) p. 788 (ThMdB).

111. See, for example HR 8 July 1981, NJ 1982, 39 (JCS); HR 15 April 1983, NJ 1983, 698 (JCS); HR 1 February 1985, NJ 1985, 698 (JCS); HR 31 October 1986, NJ 1987, 924 (JCS); HR 28 October 1988, NJ 1989, 765 (JCS), AA 38 (1989) p. 206 (TbMdB); HR 28 September 1990, NJ 1991, 247 (JCS).

112. HR 5 June 1953, NJ 1953, 613; HR 8 January 1971, NJ 1971, 129; HR 7 September 1984, NJ 1985, 104: HR 23 October 1987, NJ 1988, 842 (JCS), SMA 43 (1988) p. 331 (MVP); HR 18 January 1991, NJ 1991, 296.

113. HR 16 March 1990, NJ 1991, 575 (JCS), AA 39 (1990) p. 556 CThMdB) contains only a ‘statement in principle’ on the applicable inheritance law and is farmer concerned with the application of the Museum Act of 1 May 1925, Stb. 1925 No. 174.

114. Sauveplanne, J.G., ‘Intemationaal privaatrechtelijke vraagstukken met betrekking tot de echtscheiding’, 101 Handelingen NJV (1971) part 1, p. 5Google Scholar ; Deelen, J.E.J.Th., ‘Internationale Echtscheiding’, 101 Handelingen NJV (1971) part 1, p. 53Google Scholar.

115. Cf., Vonken, A.P.M.J., Het internationale afstammingsrecht inperspectief (dissertation at the University of Nijmegen (1987)) pp. 34–48, 55–63 and 65–68Google Scholar.

116. Cf., for example, de Winter, L.I., ‘De gewijzigde eenvormige wet betreffende het internationaal privaatrecht’, 4990 WPNR (1968) pact II, conclusion, pp. 172–173Google Scholar; Sauveplanne, J.G., ‘Beschouwingen over Codificatie van het Internationaal Privaatrecht’, 44 NJB (1969) pp. 614–616Google Scholar; Boer, De, op. cit. n. 105, pp. 27–29Google Scholar.

117. Draft Convention Concerning Bankruptcy, Arrangements and Analogous Proceedings, Bulletin of the European Communities, Supplement 2/82.

118. Cf., for example, Winter, De, loc. cit n. 116, pp. 172–173Google Scholar; Sauveplanne, , loc. cit. n. 116, pp. 614–616Google Scholar; Boer, De, op. cit. n. 105, pp. 24–27Google Scholar.

119. The text of the German statute is published in the Bundesgesetzblatt (1986) I, 1142. See, similarly, 50 RabelsZ (1986) p. 663,6 IPRax (1986) p. 322. The text of the Swiss statute is published n the Schweizerisches Bundesblatt (12 January 1988). See, similarly, Karrer, P.A. and Arnold, K.W., Switzerlands Private International Law Statute of December 18,1987. The Swiss Code on Conflict of Laws and Related Legislations (1989)Google Scholar.

120. Cf., Bömer, C., ‘Das deutsche Gesetz zur Neuregelung des Internationale Privatrechts von 1986 – Struktur, Entstehung, Lücken und Schwerpunkte’, 50 RabelsZ (1986) p. 646Google Scholar.

121. Cf., the explanatory notes of the Implementation Act. Books 3–6 of the new Civil Code (Part 4) (Amendment to Book 3), Bijl. Hand, II 1981/1982 — 17496, no. 3, pp. 2–3.

122. See, generally, von Overbeck, A.E., ‘Les questions générates du droit international privé à la lumiéère des codifications et projets récents’, 176 Hague Recueil (1982) III, p. 9Google Scholar.

123. See, by way of exception, HR 5 January 1990, NJ 1991, 591 (JCS).

124. See, accordingly, the explanatory notes of the Conflict of Laws (Matrimonial Property Regimes) Bill, Bijl. Hand. II 1988/1989 — 21273, no. 3, p. 2.

125. Cf., von Hoffmann, B., ‘Empfiehltes sich, das EG-Ubereinkommen über das auf vertragliche Schuldverhältnisse anzuwendende Recht in das deutsche IPR-Gesetz zu inkotporieren?’, 4 IPRax (1984) p. 10Google Scholar; Kohler, C., ‘Kein Weg zur Rechtsvereinheitlichung – Zur Ubemame des EGUbcrednkommens vom 19. Juni 1980 über das auf vertragliche Schuldverhältnisse anzuwendende Recht’, 19 Ewoparecht (1984) p. 155Google Scholar; Nolte, G., ‘Zur Technik der geplanten Einfühnmg des EGSchuldvertragsübeieinkommens in das deutsche Recht aus völkerrechtlicher Sicht’, 5 TPRax (1985) p. 71Google Scholar; Matscher, F. et al. , ‘Multilaterale Staatsveiträge erga omnes und deren Inkorparation in nationale IPR-Kodhikationen – Vor- und Nachteile einer solchen Rezeption’, 27 Berichte der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Völkerrecht (1986) pp. 11, 45, 147Google Scholar.

126. See Recommendation of the Commission of 15 January 1985,28 OJ EC (No. L 44) 42 (1985).

127. See supra n. 124, pp. 1–2.