Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-fscjk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-22T10:42:16.720Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Logic of Violence in the Polish-Lithuanian Conflict, 1920–1923

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 November 2020

Tomas Balkelis Open the ORCID record for Tomas Balkelis [Opens in a new window]
Tomas Balkelis*
Affiliation:
Lithuanian Institute of History, Vilnius, Lithuania
*
*Corresponding author. Email: tomas.balkelis@gmail.com
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The article is devoted to violence that took place in the Polish-Lithuanian borderland after the Great War. Using the theoretical insights of Stathis Kalyvas (2006), the author explores violent actors, types, and the dynamics of violence in the conflict over the neutral zone between Poland and Lithuania between 1920 and 1923. The focus is on the experiences of civilians and the social impact of violence on the formation of their national identities. The author suggests that violent ways of nation making forced the local populace to adopt national identities to ensure their security, but the process of forced nationalization was limited and may have resulted in the emergence of indifference among certain groups of the population.

Keywords

ethnic conflictnationalismparamilitarismviolence
Type
Article
Information
Nationalities Papers , Volume 49 , Issue 5 , September 2021 , pp. 911 - 925
Check for updates
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Association for the Study of Nationalities

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Balkelis, Tomas. 2009. The Making of Modern Lithuania. London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balkelis, Tomas. 2018. War, Revolution and Nation-Making in Lithuania, 1914–1923. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biržiška, Mykolas. 1992. Vilniaus golgota. Vilnius: Mintis.Google Scholar
Böhler, Jochen. 2015. “Enduring Violence: The Postwar Struggles in East-Central Europe, 1917–21.” Journal of Contemporary History 50 (1): 58–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brubaker, Rogers, and Laitin, David D.. 1998. “Ethnic and Nationalist Violence.” Annual Review of Sociology 24: 423–452.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Česnulevičiūtė, Petronėlė. 1998. Kovojanti Perloja. Varėna: Merkio kraštas.Google Scholar
Daunys, Pranas. 1923. Vargo keliais: atsiminimai iš kovų dėl nepriklausomybės ir aklųjų gyvenimo. Kaunas: n.p.Google Scholar
Dziennik Wilenski . 1923. January 12.Google Scholar
Fearon, James D., and Laitin, David D.. 2000. “Violence and the Social Construction of Ethnic Identity.” International Organization 54 (4): 845–877.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garšva, Kazimieras, and Grumadienė, Laima, eds. 1993. Lietuvos rytai. Vilnius: Valstybnis leidybos centras.Google Scholar
Gazeta Wilenska . 1922. December 10.Google Scholar
Gazeta Wilenska . 1922. November 24.Google Scholar
Gerwarth, Robert, and Horne, John, eds. 2012. War in Peace: Paramilitary Violence after the Great War, 1917–1923. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gudaitis, Leonas, ed. 2004. “Grumtynės dėl Vilniaus krašto 1919–1923 metais.” Special issue, Darbai ir dienos 40.Google Scholar
Gudavičius, Edvardas. 2004. “Dvarininkai.” In Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija, edited by Tumelis, Juozas, 240–241. Vol. 5. Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas.Google Scholar
Holc, Janine. 2018. “The Polish-Lithuanian Borderlands, Past and Present: Multicultural versus Decolonial Responses to Local and State Violence.” Nationalities Papers 56 (4): 654–670.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holquist, Peter. 2003. “Violent Russia, Deadly Marxism? Russia in the Epoch of Violence, 1905–1921.” Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 4 (3): 627–652.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hutchinson, John. 2017. Nationalism and War. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jokubauskas, Vytautas, Vaičenonis, Jonas, Vareikis, Vygantas, and Vitkus, Hektoras. 2015. Valia priešintis: paramilitaizmas ir Lietuvos karinio saugumo problemos. Klaipėda: Druka.Google Scholar
Kalyvas, Stathis. 2006. The Logic of Violence in Civil War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karys . 1923. April 19.Google Scholar
Kresy . 1923. March 18.Google Scholar
Kresy . 1923. March 4.Google Scholar
Kurjer Poranny . 1922. July 16.Google Scholar
Kviklys, Bronius. 1964. Mūsų Lietuva. Vol. 1. Boston: Lietuvių enciklopedijos leidykla.Google Scholar
Łach, Wiesław Bolesław. 2010. “Zajęcie pasa neutralnego w lutym 1923 roku – próba oceny działań militarnych i politycznych.” Europa Orientalis: Studia z Dziejów Europy Wschdniej i Państw Bałtyckich 2: 83–104.Google Scholar
Łach, Wiesław Bolesław, and Melnik, Jeremi. 2005. “Próby odtworzenia działań w rejonie polsko-litewskiego pasa neutralnego w 1923 roku.” Echa Przeszłości 6: 193–211.Google Scholar
Laisvė . 1922. December 17.Google Scholar
Laurinavičius, Česlovas, ed. 2013. Lietuvos istorija: nepriklausomybė, 1918–1940 . Vol. 10, bk. 1, of Lietuvos istorija. Vilnius: Baltos lankos.Google Scholar
Laurinavičius, Česlovas. 2015. “On Political Terror during the Soviet Expansion into Lithuania, 1918–1919.” Journal of Baltic Studies 46 (1): 65–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lesčius, Vytautas. 2004. Lietuvos kariuomenė nepriklausomybės kovose, 1918–1920. Vilnius: Leidybos centras.Google Scholar
Lesčius, Vytautas. 2007. “Lenkų provokacijos neutraliojoje zonoje 1921–1923 metais.” Karo archyvas 22: 153–219.Google Scholar
Lietuva . 1921. January 12.Google Scholar
Lietuva . 1922. May 5.Google Scholar
Lietuvos rytai . 1923. May 19.Google Scholar
Lietuvos statistikos departamentas. 2013. “Gyventojai pagal tautybę, gimtąją kalbą ir tikybą. Lietuvos Respublikos 2011 metų visuotinio gyventojų ir būstų surašymo rezultatai.” Vilnius.Google Scholar
Liulevicius, Vejas. 2000. War Land on the Eastern Front: Culture, National Identity and German Occupation in World War I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Łossowski, Piotr. 1996. Konflikt polsko-litewski, 1918-1920. Warsaw: Książka i Wiedza.Google Scholar
Łossowski, Piotr. 2002. “Ostatni akt kształtowania granic Drugiej Rzeczypospolitej - podział Pasa Neutralnego pomiędzy Polską a Litwą w lutym 1923 r.” Studia z Dziejów Rosji i Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej 37: 27–39.Google Scholar
Lučinskas, Gintaras. 2013. “‘Varviškės respublika’ (1920–1923).” Terra Jatwezenorum 5: 278–306.Google Scholar
Matthaus, Jurgen. 1998. “German Judenpolitik in Lithuania during the First World War.” Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook 43: 155–174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Merkys, Vytautas. 2006. Tautiniai santykiai Vilniaus vyskupijoje 1798–1918 m. Vilnius: Versus Aureus.Google Scholar
Первая всеобщая перепись населения Российской империи 1897 года. 1904. Vol. 4, issue 3. Санкт-Петербург: издание Центрального статистического комитета Министерства внутренних дел.Google Scholar
Piotrowski, Tadeusz. 1998. Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918–1947. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers.Google Scholar
Prusin, Alexander. 2010. The Lands Between: Conflict in the East European Borderlands, 1870–1992. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rezmer, Waldemar. 2006. “Likwidacja pasa neutralnego pomiędzy Polską a Litwą w lutym 1923 r.” Dzieje Najnowsze 38 (4): 31–52.Google Scholar
Rozwadowski, J. 1930. “Mapa języka litewskiego.” Kraków: Litogr. K. Kranikowski. Also available at http://elibrary.mab.lt/handle/1/1834. (Accessed October 8, 2019.)Google Scholar
Rukša, Antanas. 1982. Kovos dėl Lietuvos nepriklausomybės, 1918–1920. Cleveland: Ramovė.Google Scholar
Rytų Lietuva , September 7, 1922.Google Scholar
Senn,  Afred Erich. 1966. The Great Powers, Lithuania, and the Vilna Question: 1920–1928. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Šiaudinis, Valentas. 1997. Paringio krašto praeitis. Vilnius: Diemedis.Google Scholar
Śleszyński, Wojciech. 2004. “Abipus demarkacinės linijos.” In “Grumtynės dėl Vilniaus krašto 1919–1923 metais,” edited by Leonas Gudaitis. Special issue, Darbai ir dienos 40: 101–108.Google Scholar
Staliūnas, Darius. 2007. Making Russians: Meaning and Practice of Russification in Lithuania and Belarus after 1863. Amsterdam: Rodopi.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Staliūnas, Darius. 2015. Enemies for a Day: Antisemitism and Anti-Jewish Violence in Lithuania under the Tsars. Budapest: CEU.Google Scholar
Tyla, Antanas. 1968. 1905 metų revoliucija Lietuvos kaime. Vilnius: Mintis.Google Scholar
Vareikis, Vygantas. 2004. “Pasienio incidentai: Lietuvos šaulių partizaninė veikla.” In “Grumtynės dėl Vilniaus krašto 1919–1923 metais,” edited by Leonas Gudaitis. Special issue, Darbai ir dienos 40: 109–128.Google Scholar
Zahra, Tara. 2010. “Imagined Noncommunities: National Indifference as a Category of Analysis.” Slavic Review 69 (1): 93–119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zverko, Natalija. 2009. “Kultūrologas: šiuolaikinius ‘tuteišius’ charakterizuoja prisitaikėliškumas ir konformizmas.” Delfi, April 29, 2009. https://www.delfi.lt/news/daily/lithuania/kulturologas-siuolaikinius-tuteisius-charakterizuoja-prisitaikeliskumas-ir-konformizmas.d?id=21896247. (Accessed October 10, 2019.)Google Scholar
Lietuvos centrinis valstybės archyvas (LCVA).Google Scholar
Lietuvos centrinis valstybės archyvas (LCVA).Google Scholar