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Theoretical modeling of tunable vibrations of three-dimensional serpentine structures for simultaneous measurement of adherent cell mass and modulus

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 October 2020

Jianzhong Zhao ,
Weican Li ,
Xingming Guo ,
Heling Wang ,
John A. Rogers  and
Yonggang Huang
Jianzhong Zhao
Affiliation:
Shanghai Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mechanics in Energy Engineering, School of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Shanghai University, People's Republic of China Departments of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Illinois, USA
Weican Li
Affiliation:
School of Engineering, Brown University, Rhode Island, USA
Xingming Guo
Affiliation:
Shanghai Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Mechanics in Energy Engineering, School of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Shanghai University, People's Republic of China
Heling Wang*
Affiliation:
Departments of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Illinois, USA
John A. Rogers
Affiliation:
Departments of Materials Science and Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Chemistry, Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, and Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Illinois, USA Querrey-Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Illinois, USA
Yonggang Huang
Affiliation:
Departments of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Illinois, USA Querrey-Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Illinois, USA
*
*Corresponding author. Email: helingwang1@gmail.com
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Abstract

Vibration-based methods can be used effectively to characterize the physical properties of biological materials, with an increasing interest focused on the mechanics of individual, living cells. Real-time measurements of cell properties, such as mass and Young's modulus, can yield important insights into many aspects of cell growth and metabolism as well as the interaction of cells with external stimuli (e.g., drugs). Vibrational test structures designed for the study of such cell properties often use fixed configurations and operational modes, with associated limitations in determining multiple characteristics of the cell, simultaneously. Recent development of mechanics-guided techniques for deterministic assembly of three-dimensional (3D) microstructures provides a route to vibrational frameworks that offer tunable configurations, vibration modes, and resonant frequencies. Here we propose a method that exploits such tunable vibrational structures to simultaneously determine the mass and modulus of a single adherent cell, or of other biological materials or small-scale living systems (e.g., organoids), through theoretical modeling and finite element analysis. The idea involves a 3D architecture that supports two different vibrational structures and can be converted from one to the other through application of strain to an elastomeric substrate. Specifically, tailored designs for serpentine ribbons in these systems enable a decoupling of the dependence of the resonant frequencies of the two structures to the cell mass and modulus, with an associated ability to measure these two properties accurately and independently. These same concepts can be scaled to apply to various types of cells, as well as to organoids (3D clusters of cells) and other biological materials with small geometries, across a range of values of mass and modulus. This method could serve as the foundation for microelectromechanical systems capable of monitoring mass and modulus in real time for use in research in biomechanics and dynamic biological processes.

Keywords

Cell mass and modulustunable vibrational structureSerpentine StructureMechanics-guideddeterministic 3D assemblyResonant frequency
Type
Article
Information
MRS Bulletin , First View , pp. 1 - 8
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Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2020, published on behalf of Materials Research Society by Cambridge University Press

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Footnotes

†

These authors contributed equally to this work.

Cell mass and modulus are important indicators of cell behavior during growth, proliferation, differentiation, and interactions with external stimuli such as drugs and viruses. We propose a method to simultaneously measure cell mass and modulus through the use of the vibrations of tunable three-dimensional (3D) structures formed via a mechanics-guided assembly approach. The method is applicable to various types of cells and other biological materials and small-scale living systems across a wide range of values of mass and modulus. The results may serve as the foundation for microelectromechanical systems capable of monitoring physical aspects of cellular processes in real time.

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