Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-c4f8m Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-24T00:48:34.476Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Materials Science of Field-Responsive Fluids

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 November 2013

Pradeep P. Phulé  and
John M. Ginder
Get access

Extract

Scientists and engineers are most familiar with single-crystal or polycrystalline field-responsive or “smart” materials with responses typically occurring while the materials remain in the solid state. This issue of MRS Bulletin focuses on another class of field-responsive materials that exhibits a rapid, reversible, and tunable transition from a liquidlike, free-flowing state to a solidlike state upon the application of an external field. These materials demonstrate dramatic changes in their rheological behavior in response to an externally applied electric or magnetic field and are known as electrorheological (ER) fluids or magnetorheological (MR) fluids, respectively. They are often described as Bingham plastics, and exhibit a strong field-dependent shear modulus and a yield stress that must be overcome to initiate gross material deformation or flow. Prototypical ER fluids consist of linear dielectric particles (such as silica, titania, and zeolites) dispersed in nonconductive liquids such as silicone oils. Homogeneous liquid-crystalline (LC) polymerbased ER fluids have also been recently reported. MR fluids are based on ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic, magnetically nonlinear particles (e.g., iron, nickel, cobalt, and ceramic ferrites) dispersed in organic or “aqueous liquids. Unlike ER and MR fluids, ferrofluids (or magnetic fluids), which are stable dispersions of nanosized superparamagnetic particulates (~5–10 nm) of such materials as iron oxide, do not develop a yield stress on application of a magnetic field. Applications of ferrofluids are primarily in the area of sealing devices (see Rosensweig for more information). Since ferrofluids are well-known and have been extensively discussed elsewhere in the literature, they will not be treated in detail here.

Type
The Materials Science of Field-Responsive Fluids
Information
MRS Bulletin , Volume 23 , Issue 8 , August 1998 , pp. 19 - 22
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 1998

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1.Macosko, C.W., Rheology: Principles, Measurements, and Applications (VCH, New York, 1994).Google Scholar
2.Rosensweig, R.E., Ferrohydrodynamics (Cambridge University Press, New York, 1985).Google Scholar
3.Rosensweig, R.E., Chem. Eng. Progress 85 (1989) p. 53.Google Scholar
4.Ginder, J.M., in Encyclopedia of Applied Physics, vol. 16, edited by Immergut, E., (VCH, New York, 1996) p. 487.Google Scholar
5.Phulé, P.P. and Ginder, J.M., in Proc. 6th Int. Conf. on ER Fluids and MR Suspensions, edited by Nakano, M. (World Scientific, Singapore) in press.Google Scholar
6.Sci. Am. 8 (1997) p. 10.Google Scholar
7.Rabinow, J., AIEE Trans. 67 (1948) p. 1308.Google Scholar
8.Rabinow, J., U.S. Patent 2575360 (1951).Google Scholar
9.Rabinow, J., SAE National Transportation Meeting, Cleveland, Ohio, March 28-30, 1949, SAE Technical Paper (1949) p. 49.Google Scholar
10.Shulman, Z.P. and Kordonsky, W.I., in Nauka I Tekhnika, Minsk (1982) p. 184.Google Scholar
11.Shulman, Z.P., Kordonsky, W.I., Zaltsgendler, E.A., Prokhorov, I.V., Khusid, B.M., and Demchuk, S.A., Int. J. Multiphase Flow 12 (1986) p. 935.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
12.Winslow, W.M., J. Appl. Phys. 20 (1949) p. 1137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
13.Deinega, Y.F. and Vinogradov, G.V., Rheol. Acta 23 (1984) p. 636.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
14.Block, H. and Kelly, J.P., J. Phys. D. Appl. Phys. 21 (1988) p. 1661.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
15.Gast, A.P. and Zukoski, C.F., Adv. Coll. Int. Sci. 30 (1989) p. 153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
16.Jordan, T.C. and Shaw, M.T., IEEE Trans. Elect. Insul. 24 (1989) p. 849.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
17.Kreiger, I. and Collins, E.A., eds., Electrorheological Fluids: A Research Needs Assessment (U.S. Department of Energy, Office Energy Research Program Analysis, Washington, DC, 1992).Google Scholar
18.Halsey, T.C., Science 258 (1992) p. 761.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
19.Weiss, K.D., Carlson, J.D., and Coulter, J.P., J. Intell. Mater. Sys. and Struc. 4 (1993) p. 13.Google Scholar
20.Zukoski, C.F., Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. 23 (1993) p. 45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
21.Parthasarathy, M. and Klingenberg, D.J., Mater. Sci. Eng. R. R17 (1996) p. 57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
22.Rabinow, J., private communication.Google Scholar
23.Block, H. and Kelly, J.P., U.S. Patent 4,687,589 (1987).Google Scholar
24.Filisko, F.E. and Armstrong, W.E., U.S. Patent 4,744,914 (1988).Google Scholar