Historically microscopy of the ear has been difficult because it is entirely encased in bone. This not only impeded fixation, embedding, and sectioning of the ear for histology and immunohistochemistry, but also made experimental microscopic observation of the living ear virtually impossible. Numerous recent advancements in microscopy have improved our ability to observe the delicate cellular structures of the ear, as well as utilize high magnification microscopy on living tissue for experimental and physiological studies.

Traditional immunohistochemistry at both the light and electron microscopic levels is now facilitated by better antigen preservation through improvements in decalcification, more permeable plastics, and thousands of commercially produced antibodies. Individual cell surface receptors now can be identified, as well as their upregulation by circulating steroids, drugs, antibodies, and enzymes. Cochlear tissues also can be completely dissociated and the electrophysiology of individual living hair cells recorded with microelectrodes while under microscopic observation.