Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-dh8gc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-18T19:24:25.787Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

LaI2@(18,3)SWNT: The Unprecedented Structure of a LaI2 “Crystal,” Encapsulated within a Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 September 2005

Steffi Friedrichs ,
Angus I. Kirkland ,
Rüdiger R. Meyer ,
Jeremy Sloan  and
Malcolm L.H. Green
Steffi Friedrichs
Affiliation:
Nanoscience Centre, University of Cambridge, 11 J.J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FF, United Kingdom
Angus I. Kirkland
Affiliation:
Department of Materials, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
Rüdiger R. Meyer
Affiliation:
Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
Jeremy Sloan
Affiliation:
Department of Materials, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
Malcolm L.H. Green
Affiliation:
Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
Get access

Abstract

The novel crystallization properties of nano-materials represent a great challenge to researchers across all disciplines of materials science. Simple binary solids can be found to adopt unprecedented structures, when confined into nanometer-sized cavities, such as the inner cylindrical bore of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT). Lanthanum iodide was encapsulated within SWNTs and the resulting encapsulation composite was analyzed using energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDX) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) imaging techniques, to reveal a one-dimensional crystal fragment, with the stoichiometry of LaI2, crystallizing in the structure of LaI3 with one third of the iodine positions unoccupied. A complete characterization of the encapsulation composite was achieved using an enhanced image restoration technique, which restores the object wave from a focal series of HRTEM images, providing information about the precise structural data of both filling material and host SWNT, and thereby enabling the identification of the SWNT chirality.

Keywords

single-walled carbon nanotubeslanthanum iodidefocal series HRTEM image restorationencapsulation compositesquantum wiresSWNT chirality
Type
Special Issue: Frontiers of Electron Microscopy in Materials Science
Information
Microscopy and Microanalysis , Volume 11 , Issue 5 , October 2005 , pp. 421 - 430
Copyright
© 2005 Microscopy Society of America

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Alivisatos, A.P. (2001). Less is more in medicine—Sophisticated forms of nanotechnology will find some of their first real-world applications in biomedical research, disease diagnosis and, possibly, therapy. Sci Am 285, 66–73.Google Scholar
Ajayan, P.M. (1999). Nanotubes from carbon. Chem Rev 99, 1787–1799.Google Scholar
Beck, H.P. & Schuster, M. (1992). High pressure transformations of NdI2. J Solid State Chem 100, 301–306.Google Scholar
Corbett, J.D. (1983). Lanthanum diiodide. Inorg Synth 22, 36–38.Google Scholar
Cowley, J.M. & Moodie, A.F. (1957). The scattering of electrons by atoms and crystals. I. A new theoretical approach. Acta Crystallogr 10, 609–619.Google Scholar
Dai, H. (2002). Carbon nanotubes: Synthesis, integration, and properties. Acc Chem Res 35, 1035–1044.Google Scholar
Friedrichs, S., Meyer, R.R., Sloan, J., Kirkland, A.I., Hutchison, J.L., & Green, M.L.H. (2001a). Image restoration of one-dimensional compounds in single-walled carbon nanotubes. Inst Phys Conf Ser No 168: Section 7, 279–282.
Friedrichs, S., Sloan, J., Hutchison, J.L., Green, M.L.H., Meyer, R.R., & Kirkland, A.I. (2001b). Simultaneous determination of inclusion crystallography and nanotube conformation for a Sb2O3/single walled nanotube composite. Phys Rev B 64, 045406/1–045406/8.Google Scholar
Goodman, P. & Moodie, A.F. (1974). Numerical evaluation of n-beam wave functions in electron scattering by the multislice method. Acta Crystallogr A30, 280–290.Google Scholar
Heremans, J., Trush, C.M., Zhang, Z., Sun, X., Dresselhaus, M.S., Ying, J.Y., & Morelli, D.T. (1998). Magnetoresistance of bismuth nanowires arrays: A possible transition from one-dimensional to three-dimensional localization. Phys Rev B 58, R10091–R10095.Google Scholar
Hutchison, J.L., Doole, R.C., Dunin-Borkowski, R.E., Sloan, J., & Green, M.L.H. (1999). The development and assessment of a high performance field-emission-gun analytical HREM for materials science applications. JEOL News 34E, 10–15.Google Scholar
Jepsen, O. & Andersen, O.K. (1995). Calculated electronic structure of the sandwich d1 metals LaI2 and CeI2: Application of new LMTO techniques. Z Phys B 97, 35–47.Google Scholar
Jungmann, A., Claessen, R., Zimmermann, R., Meng, G., Steiner, P., Hüfner, S., Tratzly, S., Stöwe, K., & Beck, H.P. (1995). Photoemission of LaI2 and CeI2. Z Phys B 97, 25–34.Google Scholar
Kirkland, A.I., Saxton, W.O., & Chand, G. (1997). Multiple beam tilt microscopy for super resolved imaging. J Electron Microsc 1, 11–22.Google Scholar
Kirkland, E. (1998). Advanced Computing in Electron Microscopy. New York: Plenum Press.
Krishnan, A., Dujardin, E., Ebbesen, T.W., Yianilos, P.N., & Treacy, M.M. (1998). Young's modulus of single-walled nanotubes. Phys Rev B 58, 14013–14019.Google Scholar
Lieber, C.M. (2001). The incredible shrinking circuit. Sci Am 285, 59–64.Google Scholar
Meyer, R., Kirkland, A., & Saxton, W. (2002). A new method for the determination of the wave aberration function for high resolution TEM. 1. Measurement of the symmetric aberrations. Ultramicroscopy 92, 89–109.Google Scholar
Meyer, R.R., Friedrichs, S., Kirkland, A.I., Sloan, J., Hutchison, J.L., & Green, M.L.H. (2003). A composite method for the determination of the chirality of single-walled carbon nanotubes. J Microsc 212, 152–157.Google Scholar
Philp, E., Sloan, J., Kirkland, A.I., Meyer, R.R., Friedrichs, S., Hutchison, J.L., & Green, M.L.H. (2003). An encapsulated helical 1D cobalt iodide crystal. Nature (Materials) 2, 788–791.Google Scholar
Saxton, W.O. (1988). Accurate atom positions from focal and tilted beam series of high resolution electron micrographs. Scanning Microsc 2(Suppl.), 212–224.Google Scholar
Saxton, W.O. (1995). Observation of lens aberrations for very high-resolution electron microscopy. I. Theory. J Microsc 179, 201–213.Google Scholar
Stöwe, K., Tratzky, S., Beck, H.P., Jungmann, A., Claessen, R., Zimmermann, R., Meng, G., Steiner, P., & Hüfner, S. (1997). Uncommon valence states in the metallic lanthanide and actinide diiodides MI2 (M = La, Ce, Nd, Gd and Th) and in the uranium tellurides UTe2, U2Te5 and UTe3. Part 1: The rare earth diiodides LnI2 (Ln = La, Ce, Nd, Gd) and ThI2. J Alloys Compd 246, 101–110.Google Scholar
White, C.T. & Todorov, T.N. (1998). Carbon nanotubes as long ballistic conductors. Nature 393, 240–242.Google Scholar
Zachariasen, W.H. (1948). Crystal chemical studies of the 5f-series of elements. I. New structure types. Acta Crystallogr 1, 265–268.Google Scholar
Zha, F.-X., Carroll, D.L., Czerw, R., Loiseau, A., Pascard, H., Clauss, W., & Roth, S. (2001). Electronic effects in scanning tunneling microscopy of dendritic, Cr-filled carbon nanotubes. Phys Rev B 63, 165432/1–165432/5.Google Scholar