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The Effects of Lead and Copper on the Cellular Architecture and Metabolism of the Red Alga Gracilaria domingensis

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 April 2013

Claudiane Gouveia ,
Marianne Kreusch ,
Éder C. Schmidt ,
Marthiellen R. de L. Felix ,
Luz K.P. Osorio ,
Debora T. Pereira ,
Rodrigo dos Santos ,
Luciane C. Ouriques ,
Roberta de Paula Martins  and
Alexandra Latini
...Show all authors
Claudiane Gouveia
Affiliation:
Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88049-900, CP 476, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
Marianne Kreusch
Affiliation:
Scientific Initiation-PIBIC-CNPq, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88049-900, CP 476, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
Éder C. Schmidt*
Affiliation:
Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88049-900, CP 476, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil Post-Graduate Program in Cell Biology and Development, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88049-900, CP 476, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
Marthiellen R. de L. Felix
Affiliation:
Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88049-900, CP 476, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
Luz K.P. Osorio
Affiliation:
Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88049-900, CP 476, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
Debora T. Pereira
Affiliation:
Scientific Initiation-PIBIC-CNPq, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88049-900, CP 476, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
Rodrigo dos Santos
Affiliation:
Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88049-900, CP 476, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
Luciane C. Ouriques
Affiliation:
Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88049-900, CP 476, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil Post-Graduate Program in Cell Biology and Development, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88049-900, CP 476, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
Roberta de Paula Martins
Affiliation:
Laboratório de Bioenergética e Estresse Oxidativo, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88049-900, CP 476, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
Alexandra Latini
Affiliation:
Laboratório de Bioenergética e Estresse Oxidativo, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88049-900, CP 476, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
Fernanda Ramlov
Affiliation:
Plant Morphogenesis and Biochemistry Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88049-900, CP 476, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
Tiago José G. Carvalho
Affiliation:
Plant Morphogenesis and Biochemistry Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88049-900, CP 476, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
Fungyi Chow
Affiliation:
Institute of Bioscience, University of São Paulo, CEP 05508-090, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
Marcelo Maraschin
Affiliation:
Plant Morphogenesis and Biochemistry Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88049-900, CP 476, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
Zenilda L. Bouzon
Affiliation:
Plant Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88049-900, CP 476, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil Post-Graduate Program in Cell Biology and Development, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88049-900, CP 476, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil Central Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88049-900, CP 476, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
*
*Corresponding author. E-mail: edcash@ccb.ufsc.br
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Abstract

The effect of lead and copper on apical segments of Gracilaria domingensis was examined. Over a period of 7 days, the segments were cultivated with concentrations of 5 and 10 ppm under laboratory conditions. The samples were processed for light, confocal, and electron microscopy, as well as histochemistry, to evaluate growth rates, mitochondrial activity, protein levels, chlorophyll a, phycobiliproteins, and carotenoids. After 7 days of exposure to lead and copper, growth rates were slower than control, and biomass loss was observed on copper-treated plants. Ultrastructural damage was primarily observed in the internal organization of chloroplasts and cell wall thickness. X-ray microanalysis detected lead in the cell wall, while copper was detected in both the cytoplasm and cell wall. Moreover, lead and copper exposure led to photodamage of photosynthetic pigments and, consequently, changes in photosynthesis. However, protein content and glutathione reductase activity decreased only in the copper treatments. In both treatments, decreased mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase activity was observed. Taken together, the present study demonstrates that (1) heavy metals such as lead and copper negatively affect various morphological, physiological, and biochemical processes in G. domingensis and (2) copper is more toxic than lead in G. domingensis.

Keywords

Gracilaria domingensisheavy metalmorphologyphotosynthetic pigmentsbiochemical response
Type
Biological Applications
Information
Microscopy and Microanalysis , Volume 19 , Issue 3 , June 2013 , pp. 513 - 524
Copyright
Copyright © Microscopy Society of America 2013 

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Footnotes

1

†Claudiane Gouveia, Marianne Kreusch, and Éder C. Schmidt should be considered as first authors.

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