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LIFE HISTORY TRAITS OF AQUATIC ARTHROPODS IN SPRINGS

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 May 2012

D. Dudley Williams
D. Dudley Williams*
Affiliation:
Division of Life Sciences, Scarborough Campus, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Scarborough, Ontario, Canada M1C 1A4
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Abstract

Springs are especially useful for examining questions related to life history because they are widespread, and because they include not only the most predictable of freshwater habitats but also the most adverse (hot springs). Permanent springs tend to be stable environments, particularly in terms of temperature, discharge, and substrate. Extreme habitats such as hot springs can be ideal for studying biotic responses to environmental features because they vary little in certain factors and so do not conceal the mechanisms at work. This paper reviews the known life history and associated community traits of spring arthropods in terms of broad categories of selection forces thought to be acting in these habitats, and also examines the biotic consequences of stable environmental temperature. The data, although limited, show most support for the deterministic view of life history evolution in that traits of cold and hot permanent spring faunas tend to conform to those of K- and A-selected species, respectively. Nonconformities exist however, and data are totally lacking for springs that flow intermittently. A model continuum of spring types from the stable to the unstable and from the benign to the adverse is proposed which predicts the biological properties of communities living in little-studied spring types. The stable and/or adverse temperature regimens of springs are thought to impinge on many aspects of the biology of their faunas but most relationships (e.g. physiological, phenological) are based on data that are correlative, circumstantial, or laboratory based. Manipulative field tests are advocated to establish definite causative links. Wide scope exists for further research on the life history and community traits of spring arthropods.

Résumé

Les sources sont particulièrement utiles pour étudier les questions reliées au cycle vital parce qu'elles sont répandues et qu'elles représentent non seulement les habitats d'eau douce les plus prévisibles, mais aussi les plus hostiles (les sources chaudes). Les sources permanentes ont tendance d'être des environnements stables, surtout en termes de température, décharge et substrat. Les habitats extrêmes tels que les sources chaudes peuvent être idéals pour étudier les réponses biotiques aux caractéristiques environnementales, parce qu'ils varient peu selon certains facteurs et ainsi ne cachent pas les mécanismes qui agissent. Le présent article passe en revue les caractéristiques des cycles vitaux et des associations communautaires connues chez les arthropodes des sources en termes des catégories générales des forces de sélection que l'on pense être actives dans ces habitats. Les conséquences biotiques d'une température environnementale stable sont aussi examinées. Les données, bien que limitées, supportent pour la plupart la théorie déterministe de l'évolution des caractéristiques du cycle vital selon que celles des faunes permanentes des sources froides et chaudes ont tendance à se conformer à celles des espèces K- et A-sélectionnées, respectivement. Des exceptions existent, cependant, et les données nous manquent en ce qui concerne les sources qui coulent par intermittence. Un modèle continuum des sortes de sources, allant des stables aux instables et des bénignes aux hostiles, a été proposé. Le modèle prédit les propriétés biologiques des communautés vivant dans les sortes de sources peu étudiées. On croit que les régimes de température stable ou hostile, ou les deux, influencent plusieurs aspects de la biologie de leurs faunes, mais la plupart des relations (p. ex. : physiologiques, phénologiques) sont basées sur des données qui sont corrélatives, circonstancielles ou provenant d'études faites en laboratoire. Les études expérimentales de terrain sont recommandées pour établir les liens causatifs définis. Les possibilités pour la recherche future concernant les caractéristiques des cycles vitaux et les communautés d'arthropodes vivant dans les sources sont vastes.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada , Volume 123 , Supplement S155 , 1991 , pp. 63 - 87
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 1991

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