Hostname: page-component-84b7d79bbc-g78kv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-25T13:47:14.799Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Legal Mobilization on the Terrain of the State: Creating a Field of Immigrant Rights Lawyering in France and the United States

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 December 2018

Abstract

Scholarship on law and social movements has focused attention primarily on the United States, and secondarily on countries that share the Anglo‐American legal tradition. The politics of law and social movements in other national legal contexts remains underexamined. The analysis in this article contrasts legal mobilizations for immigrant rights in France and the United States, and explores the relations between national fields of power and legal practices. I trace the institutionalization of immigrant rights legal organizations in each country and argue that the divergent organizational forms and litigation strategies adopted by professionalized movement organizations reflect the dynamics of the nationally distinct fields of power relations within which law reform has been conducted. My analysis links the material and symbolic resources available to law reformers to the relative authority of private and public juridical actors in each state.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © American Bar Foundation, 2011 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Agrikoliansky, Eric. 2002. La Ligue Française des Droits de l'Homme et du Citoyen depuis 1945: Sociologie d'Un Engagement Civique [The Ligue Française des Droits de l'Homme et du Citoyen since 1945: Sociology of a Civic Engagement] . Paris: Harmattan.Google Scholar
American Immigration Lawyers Association (AILA). 1996. AILA Celebrates 50 Years: Reflections of Past Presidents. Washington, DC: American Immigration Lawyers Association.Google Scholar
Alvarez, Sonia. 1998. Latin American Feminisms Go Global: Trends and Challenges for the New Millenium. In Cultures of Politics, Politics of Cultures, ed. Alvarez, Sonia, Dagnino, Evelina, and Escobar, Arturo, 293324. Boulder, CO: Westview.Google Scholar
Artières, Philippe. 2008. 1968, Années Politiques [1968, Political Years] . Paris: Magnier.Google Scholar
Baxi, Upendra. 1989. Taking Suffering Seriously: Social Action Litigation in the Supreme Court of India. In Law and Poverty: Critical Essays, ed. Baxi, Upendra, 357415. Mumbai, India: Tripathi.Google Scholar
Becker, Jean‐Jacques, and Ory, Pascal. 2002. Crise et Alternances 1974–2000 [Crisis and Alternations 1974–2000] . Paris: Seuil.Google Scholar
Boigeol, Anne. 1988. The French Bar: The Difficulties of Unifying a Divided Profession. In Lawyers in Society Volume Two: The Civil Law World, ed. Abel, Richard L., and Lewis, Philip S. C., 258–94. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre. 1977. Outline of a Theory of Practice. Trans. Richard Nice. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bourdieu, Pierre. 1986. La Force du Droit [The Force of Law]. Actes de la Recherche en Sciences Sociales [Acts of Research in Social Sciences] 64 (September): 319.Google Scholar
Calavita, Kitty. 1994. U.S. Immigration and Policy Responses. In Controlling Immigration: A Global Perspective, ed. Cornelius, Wayne A. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Chavez, Ernesto. 2002. “Mi Raza Primero!”: Nationalism, Identity, and Insurgency in the Chicano Movement in Los Angeles, 1966–1978. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Clemens, Elizabeth S. 1993. From Organizational Repertoires to Institutional Change: Women's Groups and the Transformation of U.S. Politics, 1890–1920. American Journal of Sociology 98 (4): 755–98.Google Scholar
Coglianese, Cary. 2001. Social Movements, Law, and Society: The Institutionalization of the Environmental Movement. University of Pennsylvania Law Review 150:85118.Google Scholar
Commaille, Jacques, Demoulin, Laurence, and Robert, Cécile. 2000. La Juridicisation du Politique: Leçons Scientifiques [The Juridicization of Politics: Scientific Lessons] . Paris: LGDJ.Google Scholar
Cornelius, Wayne A. 2004. Controlling Immigration: A Global Perspective, 2nd ed. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Coutin, Susan. 2006. Cause Lawyering and Political Advocacy: Moving Law on Behalf of Central American Refugees. In Cause Lawyers and Social Movements, ed. Sarat, Austin and Scheingold, Stuart A., 101–19. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Crettiez, Xavier, and Sommier, Isabelle. 2002. La France Rebelle [Rebellious France] . Paris: Editions Michalon.Google Scholar
Cummings, Scott L. 2004. The Politics of Pro Bono. U.C.L.A. Law Review 52 (1): 3149.Google Scholar
De Genova, Nicholas. 2002. Migrant Illegality and Deportability in Everyday Life. Annual Review of Anthropology 31:419–47.Google Scholar
Dezalay, Yves, and Garth, Bryant G. 1996. Dealing in Virtue: International Commercial Arbitration and the Construction of a Transnational Legal Order. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Dezalay, Yves, and Garth, Bryant G. 2005. The Internationalization of the Palace Wars. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Dooley, John A., and Houseman, Alan W. 1984. Legal Services History. Washington, DC: Management Project of the NLADA.Google Scholar
Epp, Charles R. 1998. The Rights Revolution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Epstein, Lee. 1985. Conservatives in Court. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press.Google Scholar
Ferré, Natalie. 2006. Résistance à l'Immigration Jetable [Resistance to Disposable Immigration. Plein Droit 71 (December): 36.Google Scholar
Fisher, William F. 1997. Doing Good? The Politics and Anti‐Politics of NGO Practices. Annual Review of Anthropology 26:439–64.Google Scholar
Franguiadakis, Spyros, and Peroni, Michel. 2004. Tibérius Claudius; ou Entretenir le Mirage de l'Individu Collectif [Tiberius Claudius; or Upholding the Mirage of the Collective Individual]. In Ce Qui Nous Relie [That Which Draws Us Together], ed. Micoud, André and Peroni, Michel, 333–69. Paris: Editions de l'Aube.Google Scholar
Gamson, William A. 1975. The Strategy of Social Protest. Homewood, IL: Dorsey Press.Google Scholar
Garcia‐Villegas, Mauricio. 2006. Comparative Sociology of Law: Legal Fields, Legal Scholarships, and Social Sciences in Europe and the United States. Law & Social Inquiry 31 (Spring): 343–82.Google Scholar
Geertz, Clifford. 1968. Islam Observed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Genevois, Bruno. 2009. Le GISTI: Requérant d'Habitude? La Vision du Conseil d'Etat [GISTI: A Repeat Litigator? The Vision from the Conseil d'Etat]. In Défendre la Cause des Etrangers en Justice [Defending the Cause of Foreigners in the Courts], ed. GISTI, 6579. Paris: Dalloz.Google Scholar
Ginesy‐Galano, Mireille. 1984. Les Immigrés Hors La Cité: Le Système d'Encadrement Dans Les Foyers [Immigrants Outside the City: The System of Supervision in the Immigrant Worker Dormitories] . Paris: Editions l'Harmattan.Google Scholar
Gordon, Jennifer. 2005. Suburban Sweatshops: The Fight for Immigrant Rights. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Grillo, R.D. 1985. Ideologies and Institutions in Urban France: The Representation of Immigrants. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Groupe d'Information sur les Prisons. 1973. Suicides de Prison[Prison Suicides] . Paris: Gallimard.Google Scholar
Groupe d'Information et de Soutien des Immigrés (GISTI). 1992. Guide de la Nationalité Francaise [Guide to French Nationality] . Paris: La Découverte.Google Scholar
Gutierrez, David G. 1995. Walls and Mirrors: Mexican Americans, Mexican Immigrants, and the Politics of Ethnicity. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Handler, Joel. 1978. Social Movements and the Legal System: A Theory of Law Reform and Social Change. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Hanley, David. 1987. The Parti Socialiste Francais: Socialist Synthesis or Ambiguous Compromise? In Mitterrand's France, ed. Mazey, Sonia and Newman, Michael, 732. London: Croom Helm.Google Scholar
Hilbink, Thomas. 2006. Constructing Cause Lawyering: Professionalism, Politics, and Social Change in 1960s America. New York: Institute for Law and Society, New York University.Google Scholar
Hing, Bill Ong. 2000. The Emma Lazarus Effect: A Case Study in Philanthropic Revitalization of the Immigrant Rights Community. Georgetown Immigration Law Journal 15 (Fall): 4797.Google Scholar
Israel, Liora. 2003. Faire Emerger le Droit des Etrangers en le Contestant, ou L'Histoire Paradoxale des Premieres Annees du GISTI [Making Immigration Law Emerge by Contesting It, or the Paradoxical History of GISTI's First Years]. Politix 16 (62): 121.Google Scholar
Karpik, Lucien. 1999. French Lawyers: A Study in Collective Action. New York: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Kriesi, Hanspeter. 1996. The Organizational Structure of New Social Movements in Political Context. In Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements, ed. McAdam, Doug, McCarthy, John D., and Zald, Mayer, 152–84. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Landsberg, Brian K. 1997. Enforcing Civil Rights: Race Discrimination and the Department of Justice. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.Google Scholar
Lardent, Esther F. 2000. Making the Business Case for Pro Bono. In Law Firm Pro Bono Project. Washington, DC: Pro Bono Institute.Google Scholar
Lascoumes, Pierre. 1996. De le Cité d'Urgence à l'Association Aides [From the Cité d'Urgence to AIDES]. Les Temps Modernes 587:344–56.Google Scholar
Leclerc, Henri. 1994. Un Combat pour la Justice [A Battle for Justice] . Paris: La Découverte.Google Scholar
Levitsky, Sandra R. 2006. To Lead with Law: Reassessing the Influence of Legal Advocacy Organizations in Social Movements. In Cause Lawyers and Social Movements, ed. Sarat, Austin and Scheingold, Stuart A., 145–63. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Lochak, Danièle. 2009. Trente Ans de Contentieux à l'Initiative du GISTI [Thirty Years of GISTI Litigation]. In Défendre la Cause des Etrangers en Justice, ed. GISTI, 4364. Paris: Dalloz.Google Scholar
Malabre, Jean Eric. 2000. The French Experience. In Security of Residence and Expulsion: Protection of Aliens in Europe, ed. Guild, Elspeth and Minderhoud, Paul E., 125–39. Cambridge, MA: Kluwer Law International.Google Scholar
Marek, Anna. 2001. Le GISTI ou L'Expertise Militante: Une Analyse du Répertoire d'Action de l'Association [GISTI or Activist Expertise: An Analysis of the Activist Repertoire of the Association]. (D.E.A. thesis, Institut d'Etudes Politique, Paris).Google Scholar
Marek, Anna. 2002. Des “Anciens” Témoignent [The “Alumni” Testify] Plein Droit 53–54 (June): 1217.Google Scholar
Markowitz, Lisa, and Tice, Karen. 2002. Paradoxes of Professionalization: Parallel Dilemmas in Women's Organizations in the Americas. Gender and Society 16 (9): 941–58.Google Scholar
McAdam, Doug. 1982. Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency, 1930–1970. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
McCann, Michael W. 1986. Taking Reform Seriously: Perspectives on Public Interest Liberalism. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
McCann, Michael W. 1994. Rights At Work: Pay Equity Reform and the Politics of Legal Mobilization. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
McCann, Michael W. 2006. Law and Social Movements. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate.Google Scholar
McCann, Michael W., and Silverstein, Helena. 1998. Rethinking Law's “Allurements”: A Relational Analysis of Social Movement Lawyers in the United States. In Cause Lawyering: Political Commitments and Professional Responsibilities, ed. Sarat, Austin and Scheingold, Stuart A., 261–90. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
McClymont, Mary, and Golub, Stephen. 2000. Many Roads to Justice: The Law‐Related Work of Ford Foundation Grantees Around the World. New York: Ford Foundation.Google Scholar
O'Connor, Karen. 1980. Women's Organizations' Use of the Courts. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.Google Scholar
O'Connor, Karen, and Epstein, Lee. 1985. A Legal Voice for the Chicano Community: The Mexican American Legal Defense and Education Fund, 1968–1982. Social Science Quarterly 65 (2): 245–56.Google Scholar
Olson, Susan M. 1984. Clients and Lawyers: Securing the Rights of Disabled Persons. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar
Pechu, Cécile. 2006. Droit au Logement: Genèse et Sociologie d'une Mobilization [Droit au Logement: Genesis and Sociology of a Mobilization] . Paris: Dalloz.Google Scholar
Postel‐Vilnay, Olivier. 1976. La France, Terre d'Asile [France, a Land of Asylum]. Le Monde, November 26.Google Scholar
Rodriguez‐Garavito, César A. 2006. Alternative Law. In Encyclopedia of Law and Society: American and Global Perspectives, ed. Clark, David, 5658. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Rucht, Dieter. 1996. The Impact of National Contexts on Social Movement Structures: A Cross‐Movement and Cross‐National Comparison. In Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements, ed. McAdam, Doug, McCarthy, John D., and Zald, Mayer, 185204. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Rueschemeyer, Dietrich. 1989. Comparing Legal Professions: A State‐Centered Approach. In Lawyers in Society Volume Three: Comparative Theories, ed. Abel, Richard L. and Lewis, Philip S. C., 289321. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
San Miguel, Guadelupe. 1987. Let All of Them Take Heed. Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Santos, Boaventura de Sousa. 1995. Toward a New Common Sense: Law, Science and Politics in the Paradigmatic Transition. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Sarat, Austin, and Scheingold, Stuart A., eds. 1998. Cause Lawyering: Political Commitments and Professional Responsibilities. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sarat, Austin, and Scheingold, Stuart A., eds. 2001. Cause Lawyering and the State in a Global Era. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Scheingold, Stuart A. 2004. The Politics of Rights: Lawyers, Public Policy, and Political Change, 2nd ed. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Simeant, Johanna. 1998. La Cause des Sans‐Papiers [The Cause of the Sans‐Papiers] . Paris: Presses de Sciences Po.Google Scholar
Spanou, Calliope. 1989. Le Droit Instrument de la Contestation Sociale? Les Nouveaux Mouvements Sociaux Face Au Droit [Law as an Instrument of Social Contestation? The New Social Movements and the Law] In Les Usages Sociaux du Droit [The Social Usages of Law] , ed. C.U.R.A.P.P., 3243. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.Google Scholar
Stone, Alec. 1992. The Birth of Judicial Politics in France. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Strom, Stephanie. 2004. ACLU's Search for Data on Donors Stirs Privacy Fears. New York Times, December 18. http://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/18/national/18aclu.html# (accessed February 7, 2010).Google Scholar
Sur, Serge. 1982. La Vie Politique en France sous la Ve Republique [French Political Life Under the Fifth Republic] . Paris: Montchrestien.Google Scholar
Tate, Winifred. 2007. Counting the Dead: The Culture and Politics of Human Rights Activism in Colombia. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Teles, Steven. 2008. The Rise of the Conservative Legal Movement: The Battle for Control of the Law. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Trubek, David M., Dezalay, Yves, Buchanan, Ruth, and Davis, John R. 1994. Global Restructuring and the Law: Studies of the Internationalization of the Legal Fields and the Creation of Transnational Arenas. Case Western Reserve Law Review 44 (2): 407–97.Google Scholar
Vauchez, Antoine, and Willemez, Laurent. 2007. La Justice Face à Ses Réformateurs [The Judiciary Faced with Its Reformers]. Paris: PUF.Google Scholar
Waquet, Philippe. 2009. Retour Sur Deux Combats Pour Le Droit Des Etrangers [A Review of Two Immigration Law Battles]. In Défendre La Cause des Etrangers en Justice [Defending the Cause of Foreigners in the Courts] , ed. GISTI, 1523. Paris: Dalloz.Google Scholar
Wasby, Stephen. 1995. Race Relations Litigation in an Age of Complexity. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press.Google Scholar
Weil, Patrick. 1991. La France et Ses Etrangers: l'Aventure d'Une Politique de l'Immigration, de 1938 à Nos Jours [France and her Foreigners: The Adventure of Immigration Politics, 1938 to the Present] . Paris: Calmann‐Lévy.Google Scholar
Weisbrod, Burton. 1978. Public Interest Law: An Economic and Institutional Analysis. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Willemez, Laurent. 2003. Quand les Syndicats se Saisissent du Droit [When the Unions Turn to the Courts]. Sociétés Contemporaines [Contemporary Societies] 4 (52): 1738.Google Scholar
Zancarini‐Fournel, Michelle. 2002. La Question Immigrée Après 68 [The Immigration Question After 68]. Plein Droit 53–54 (June): 37.Google Scholar

Archival Documents

Ford Foundation Archives, NY, New York.Google Scholar
Archives d'Histoire Contemporaine, Centre d'Histoire de Sciences Po, Paris.Google Scholar
Centre des Archives Contemporaines, Archives Nationales de France, Fontainebleau.Google Scholar
GISTI, Private Organizational Archives, 3 Villa Marcès, Paris.Google Scholar
Plyler v. Doe, 457 U.S. 202 (1982).Google Scholar
Conseil d'Etat. 11 December 1978, GISTI (RL.1978.458).Google Scholar
Ford Foundation Archives, NY, New York.Google Scholar
Archives d'Histoire Contemporaine, Centre d'Histoire de Sciences Po, Paris.Google Scholar
Centre des Archives Contemporaines, Archives Nationales de France, Fontainebleau.Google Scholar
GISTI, Private Organizational Archives, 3 Villa Marcès, Paris.Google Scholar
Plyler v. Doe, 457 U.S. 202 (1982).Google Scholar
Conseil d'Etat. 11 December 1978, GISTI (RL.1978.458).Google Scholar